1. Fungi : Chap 12
You can eat all mushrooms, some only once!!!

2. Shelf fungi Giant puffball Four groups of fungi Chytrids Bread molds
Mushrooms Club fungi
Sac fungi

3. Zombie Ants Stinkbug fungi Zombie ants Fungi spread on stink bugs

4. What makes one a fungus??
It is an eukaryote
Most fungi are ____
Sessile
Decomposers
Heterotrophic
Cell wall made up of ___

5. B. Presence of a cell wall C. The sequence of fungal DNA
Which characteristic of fungi acts as evidence that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants?
A. Being sessile
B. Presence of a cell wall
C. The sequence of fungal DNA
D. All of the above.
Answer: 3
Although they were originally thought to be plants lacking chlorophyll, it turns out that they have little in common with plants and, in fact, DNA sequence comparisons reveal that the fungi are more closely related to animals than they are to plants (Figure Phylogeny of the fungi). As eukaryotes, fungi have all the basic cellular components you would expect to find: nuclei, mitochondria, an endomembrane system, and a cytoskeleton. They also have cell walls, but the cell walls, instead of including cellulose as plants do, are made of a protein called chitin (KY-tin), a chemical important in producing the exoskeleton of insects.

6. Fungi are everywhere! Arthrobotrys – nematode strangler
Black Bread Mold
Fruit Rot
A soil sample.
Arthrobotrys – nematode strangler
Fungi as a predator
Truffles

7. 1. Decomposers = digest dead matter
Beneficial Fungi
2. Food industry
Yeast
1. Decomposers = digest dead matter
Blue cheeses are aged with the help of a specific fungus

8. 3. Medically useful fungi: provides antibiotics
3. Medically useful fungi: provides antibiotics
Penicillin from Penicillium fungi
Cyclosporin - Made organ transplant possible
Ergotmine – helps treat migraines, prevents hemorrhaging

9. 4. Use in horticulture industry Mycorrhizae = fungi + plant roots
Without With

10. How does the algae benefit? How does the fungi benefit?
Lichens = “organisms” formed by close relationship between fungus and single-celled photosynthetic organisms Lichens = Fungi + green alga or cyanobacteria
Lichens on a rock
Lichens on a tree
Algae cell (or cyanobacteria)
Hyphae of fungus
How does the algae benefit?
How does the fungi benefit?

11. 5. Genetically modified fungi: Biopesticide
GM fungi that produces scorpion venom that will kill the malarial protist
Fungi developed to fight malaria in mosquitioes
A recently developed strategy is to use Metarhizium anisopliae, a fungus that naturally attacks mosquitoes, as a mosquito-specific "biopesticide." Previous studies have shown that this method is effective in killing mosquitoes. However, the mosquitoes must acquire the fungus soon after becoming infected with the malaria parasite. Another problem is that a fungus that kills mosquitoes could rapidly lead to mosquito resistance.
An NIH-funded team led by Dr. Raymond J. St. Leger of the University of Maryland tried a more focused approach. Rather than developing fungi that rapidly kill the mosquito, they genetically modified the fungus to block Plasmodium development inside the mosquito.
Metarhizium anisopliae infects mosquitoes through their cuticle, and then enters their immune system. Researchers took Metarhizium anisopliae's DNA and added several genes to it. One gene was [SM1]8, which makes a protein that prevents protists from entering mosquito salivary glands. Malaria-causing cells are transferred through the salivary glands when mosquitoes bite. Another gene expressed the protein scorpine, which makes an antimicrobial molecule that scorpions naturally produce in their venom. The researchers created genetically altered fungi carrying just [SM1]8, just the scorpine gene and both the [SM1]8 and scorpine genes.

12. Your professor shows you a picture of fine fibers wrapped around plant roots. From your knowledge of fungi, you are pretty sure that the picture shows…
a healthy plant
a diseased plant
a dead plant
pili from a fungus
Ans: A
Mycorhizae help the plant to get more nutrition

13. The downside of fungi
Chytrid fungus causes infectious disease in frogs

14. Some fungi are parasites Fungi cause the majority of plant diseases
Chestnut blight
Dutch elm disease:

15. The downside of fungi
Chytrid fungus causes infectious disease in frogs
Fungi cause the majority of plant diseases
Dutch elm disease:
Chestnut blight

16. Wheat rust A severe plant disease!!!
Hard to kill the wheat rust fungi as it has resistance to pesticides and also two hosts …wheat and barberry plant
Migration of wheat rust

17. Mycosis: fungal disease
Mycotoxins: Fungal toxins in general
Aflatoxin: Cancer causing toxin
Ringworm, vaginal yeast infection, valley fever, athlete’s foot, scalp itch
Poisonous mushrooms!!

18. Current News: Fungal meningitis caused 70 deaths found in sealed steroid vials
Failure to sterilize properly led to deaths in Sept 2012
Company executives found guilty

19. The body of a fungus ___ Is a large mass below the surface
Is a large mass above the surface
Is a mushroom below the surface
Is a mushroom above the surface
Ans: A

20. Fungal Body Structure

21. Fungal Reproduction: All about spores

22. Reproduction terms
DIPLOID = _____ sets of chromosomes; Denoted by the letter 2n
HAPLOID = ______ set of chromosome. Denoted by the letter n
Examples: eggs and sperm, or spores
MITOSIS: Type of cell division in which the chromosome number is ______
MEIOSIS: Type of cell division in which the chromosome number is ____

23. Human life cycle

24. Fungal reproduction terms
Diploid zygote
Haploid spore
Nuclear fusion
Cytoplasmic fusion
Dikaryotic stage
Mitosis
Meiosis

25. The structure that most people associate with fungi is the mushroom
The structure that most people associate with fungi is the mushroom. But a mushroom is, in fact, just a temporary reproductive structure, and part of a complex reproductive cycle (Figure The three-stage reproductive cycle of a fungus):
Underground, genetically distinct haploid hyphae fuse. But the nuclei , themselves don’t fuse; so instead of considering the hyphae cells as diploid, they are referred to as dikaryotic hypha, meaning that each cell in the hyphae has two nuclei.
The dikaryotic hyphae state can last for years, with the dikaryotic mycelium growing and spreading throughout an area.
At some point, a mushroom may be formed. It is produced from tightly packed dikaryotic hyphae.
In some cells within the mushroom, the haploid nuclei within dikaryotic hyphae fuse, putting the mushroom into a diploid state.
The diploid cells within the mushroom then undergo meiosis, producing haploid spores. The spores are produced in huge numbers (up to a billion in a single mushroom!) and then are dispersed, carried by wind or water or even on the bodies of animals.
When the spores land in a hospitable place, they start growing as haploid hyphae and the cycle is complete. 25

26. Most fungi can reproduce sexually & asexually
Both involve production of spores
(spores grow directly into fungi)
Dikaryotic stage
(n+n)
Sexual
Reproduction
Zygote
(2n)
Asexual
Reproduction
Mycelium
(n)
mitosis
Mycelium
(n)
meiosis
Spores
(n)
Spores
(n)

27. What is labeled as #1 in the figure?
Mushroom #1
Haploid spores
Diploid spores
Haploid hyphae
Dipolid hyphae
Ans: A
Mycelium