1. BIOLOGY 12
Respiratory System

2. Anatomy

3. The Respiratory System
Function:
Gas exchange to support cellular respiration.
Terms:
1. Breathing: mechanical movement of air in and out of lungs. No diffusion of gases across any membranes

4. 2. External Respiration: exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood stream * O2 in and * CO2 out.

5. 3. Internal Respiration: exchange of gases between the tissue capillaries and the cells of the body
*O2 from blood to cells and *CO2 returned to the blood from cells.

6. 4. Cellular Respiration: biochemical reactions (metabolism) in the cells in which glucose is oxidized and converted into ATP energy with CO2 as a by product .

7. Nasal cavity
nares opening to cavity
hard palate separates
the oral and nasal cavity
turbinate bones covered
membranes which are
rich in blood capillaries
Main function is to warm and moisten air as it enters the respiratory tract
Pharynx back of the throat which connects the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. Also the opening to the Eustachian tube which is connected to the auditory canal.

8. Epiglottis Glottis Larynx flap of skin covering the glottis
prevents food from going
down the windpipe
Glottis
opening to the trachea
allows air to pass between the pharynx and larynx
Larynx
voice box enlarged area of trachea with ligaments stretched across the opening which vibrate to create sounds

9. Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles windpipe connects to the R and L bronchi
C-shaped cartilage
surrounds trachea to
keep it open
Bronchi
similar in structure to trachea, smaller branches which carry
air to R and L lungs
Bronchioles
smaller tubes which are found primarily in the lungs and
connect to the millions of air sacs

10. LUNGS ( alveoli) millions of microscopic sacs made
up of squamous epithelial cells
alveoli are round and covered with
a thin fluid (lipoprotein) which
helps to keep them inflated the
lungs are rich in capillaries and
gases can easily diffuse from the
thin alveoli into the circulatory
system

11. palate separates the oral
and nasal cavity
C shaped cartilage holds the
trachea open
goblet cells produce mucous to keep the respiratory tract lubricated

12. ciliated columnar cells are designed to keep the trachea clean of debris by sweeping the debris which is trapped in the mucous, up to the top of the glottis where it is swallowed

13. pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood back to lungs from the right ventricle while the pulmonary venules carry oxygen rich blood back to the heart from the lungs

14. millions of tiny air sacs
thin and rich supply of blood capillaries for easy diffusion of gases
round and covered with fluid to prevent collapsing
large surface area

15. BMR basal metabolic rate
Your BMR determines how much oxygen you use up and glucose you burn
the more oxygen you utilize the more energy you will produce
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O
glucose oxygen yields carbon dioxide water

17. Control of Breathing Rate
Our breathing rate must be able to respond to various energy demands of the body.
The medulla in our brain contains our breathing center - it sets the basic rate of breathing.
When CO2 builds up in the blood it creates a decrease in pH (more acidic) than the normal 7.4 stimulating the chemoreceptors to signal the ribs and diaphragm muscles to contract.
Also chemoreceptors in the carotid artery monitor O2 levels when they drop.

18. Mechanics of Breathing
Medulla senses decrease in pH and increase in CO2 and sends a message to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles via the phrenic nerve causing inhalation
When the lungs are stretched receptors send a message via the vagus nerve back to brain and exhalation occurs

21. INSPIRATION EXHALATION Nerve control Phrenic NERVE Vagus NERVE
Rib Cage
Intercostal muscles contract forcing rib cage
UP and OUT
Intercostal muscles relax causing rib cage to move
IN and DOWN
Diaphragm
Diaphragm contracts and FLATTENS OUT and MOVES DOWN
Diaphragm relaxes and returns to to a DOME shape moving UP
Volume of chest
INCREASES
DECREASES
Lung Pressure
DECREASES because there is more room with less air (negative pressure)
INCREASES since the space is decreased pushing air out of lungs
Movement of air IN
OUT

22. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

23. Gas Transport
1. O2: transported by hemoglobin
Absorbed in alveoli where PO2 is high and given off in tissues where PO2 is low.
Also effected by pH

24. 2. CO2: three ways
A. dissolved in plasma (small amount)
B. transported as bicarbonate ion (most)
C. attached to hemoglobin (some)
3. Hydrogen ion: by hemoglobin
Myoglobin is an O2 storage pigment in skeletal muscle

25. Internal Respiration
Occurs at tissue capillaries with warm, acidic conditions.
CO2 diffuses into plasma where it reacts with the water to form H2CO3.
This then ionizes into H+ and HCO3- .
The H+ gets picked up by the now empty hemoglobin and transported.

27. External Respiration
Occurs in the alveoli capillaries with cool, neutral conditions.
Most CO2 returns as bicarbonate ion (HCO3-).
H+ returns attached to hemoglobin (reduced).
At low temperatures and pressure, the H+ is released from hemoglobin and recombines with HCO3- to form H2CO3.

28. H2CO3 then decomposes to CO2 and H2O (with carbonic anhydrase), which then diffuse across the capillary wall into the alveoli.
Exhalation purges these waste gasses from the lungs and replaces then with oxygen rich air.

30. Lung Cancer

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35. Respiratory diseases and disorders
Choose any one of the following diseases/disorders and do a short report Asbestosis Tuberculosis ARDS Wegener’s Granulomatosis Asthma Whooping Cough Bronchitis Sinuitis Cystic Fibrosis Laryngitis Emphysema Pulmonary Hypertension Legionaire Disease Tonsilitis Pleurisy Strep Throat Pneumonia Otitis Media Rhinitis Influenza SARS Sarcoidosis Sleep Apnea Pulmonary Embolism Spontaneous Tension Pneumothorax