1. The First Civilizations and the Rise of Empires Chapters 1 and 2

2. The First Civilizations: The Peoples of Western Asia and Egypt
I. The First Humans
II. Agricultural Revolution
III. Emergence of Civilization
a)Mesopotamia
IV. First Civilizations
a)Sumerians f) Chaldeans
b)Akkadians g) Phoenicians
c)Amorites / Old Babylonians h) Hebrews
d) Hittites i) Persians
e) Assyrians
V. Egyptians
VI. Conclusion

4. CHRONOLOGY OF THE FIRST HUMANS AND THEIR CIVILIZATIONS
I. THE FIRST HUMANS
CHRONOLOGY OF THE FIRST HUMANS AND THEIR CIVILIZATIONS
BC and BCE – religious versus secular, otherwise no difference in usage.
BC – Before Christ
BCE – Before Common Era
Years ago:
4,000, ,000,000
1,500,000
250, ,000
200, ,000
Hominids
Homo Erectus
Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens sapiens
Australopithecines
"upright human being"
Fire used around 500,000 ya
"wise human being"
1) Neanderthal (Neander Valley in Germany)
"wise, wise human being"
Africa
Left Africa for Europe and Asia
Europe, Middle East
By 10,000 BC, homo sapiens sapiens replaced Neanderthal and had settled around much of what had been settled/found.
From 2,500,000 -
PALEOLITHIC
AGE 
Paleolithic - old stone; JAVA man, PEKING man, Neanderthal man, Cro-Magnon man
Neolithic - new stone
Bronze - use of bronze

5. Years ago: 10,000
10, ,000
4, ,000
3, ,200
Homo sapiens sapiens
Ice Age ends.
Agricultural Revolution
Systematic Agriculture begins between 8, ,000 BC
- writing begins circa 7060
Significant technical developments: tools, metals.
Invention of wheel circa 3000
Concentration of people in Mesopotamia and Egypt
emergence of civilization BC
Approx BC - Sumerians
Approx 3000 BC - Egyptians
Approx 2000 BC – Akkadians
Approx 1800 BC – Babylonians
Approx 1750 BC – Hittites
Approx 1200 BC – Phoenicians & Hebrews
Approx 700 BC – Assyrians
Approx 600 BC - Persians
PALEOLITHIC AGE ENDS.
NEOLITHIC
---AGE. BRONZE AGE
------BRONZE AGE.
IRON AGE ---

6. 1st Stage:
Hominids
FROM AFRICA - East and South Africa  3-4 million years ago
Australiopithecines
Simple stone tools
2nd Stage:
Homo Erectus
From same area  1.5 million years ago
More tools and more varied tools
First to leave Africa and moved into Europe and Asia
3rd Stage:
Homo Sapiens (wise human being)  250,000 ya

7. Two branches off of homo sapiens
- Neanderthal (Nender Valley, Germany)
Dated to 100,000 and 30,000 bce
Relied upon variety of stone tools
First to bury their dead
- Homo sapiens sapiens (wise wise human being)
First anatomically modern humans
Dated 200,000 – 100,000

8. II. Agricultural Revolution

9. III. Emergence of Civilization
Civilization: a complex culture in which large numbers of humans share a number of common elements
Basic Characteristics of Civilization:
-Urban revolution: cities become focal point for politics, economics, social, and cultural
The basic characteristics – writing and cities
Languages:
Semitic: Assyrian, Akkadian, Aramaic, Babylonian, Canaanitic, Phoenician, Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew
Indo-European: English, German, Greek, Latin, Persian, and the languages of India.

10. IV. FIRST CIVILIZATIONS
Sumerians
Time Period: BC – 2350 BC
Region:
Language:
Social Structure: 3 major groups – highly stratified
Leadership:
Gender Roles:
Religion:
Legal:
Economy:
Cities: Eridu, Ur, uruk, Umma, Lagash -
Notables: Epic of Gilgamesh

11. B) Akkadian Time Period: 2350 – 2100 BC Region: Language: Semitic
Social Structure:
Leadership: Sargon: BC
Gender Roles:
Religion:
Legal:
Economy:
Cities:
Notables:

12. c) Amorites or Old Babylonians:
Time Period: BC – 1750 BC
Region:
Language: Semitic
Social Structure:
Leadership: Hammurabi
Gender Roles:
Religion:
Legal:
Economy:
Cities:
Notables: Code of Hammurabi – 282 Laws

13. Code of Hammurabi
282 laws
-written so as to not be arbitrary
-eye for an eye
-standards for professions: public officials had numerous duties, responsibilities.
-Consumer protection
-sought to protect women and children / focus on family matters
-sexual promiscuity permitted – for men.
-reorganized and consolidated previous laws in order to maintain the established social / economic order.
ALSO devised most sophisticated mathematical system based on numerical system of 1-60 (we use hours and minutes - 60), Quadratic equation (used in computing amounts of materials for bldg)
When Hammurabi died, his son lost ½ the kingdom in revolts and thus weakened, fell to Hittites

14. d) Hittites Time Period: 1500 – 800 BC Region: Asia Minor and Anatolia
Language: Indo-European
Social Structure:
Leadership: Sargon: BC
Gender Roles:
Religion: adopted many of the gods of the Sumerians and Old Babylonians
Legal: modified the system of law they inherited from the Old Babylonians
Economy:
Cities:
Notables: Iron

15. e) Assyrian Time Period: 800 – 600 BC Region: Language: Semitic
Social Structure:
Leadership: Ashurbanipal B.C.
Gender Roles:
Religion:
Legal:
Economy:
Cities:
Notables: iron weapons, Use of terror, lay siege to cities

16. f) Chaldeans Time Period: 600 – 500 BC Region: Language: Semitic
Social Structure:
Leadership:
Gender Roles:
Religion:
Legal:
Economy:
Cities:
Notables:

17. g) Phoenicians Time Period: Region: Language: Semitic
Social Structure:
Leadership:
Gender Roles:
Religion:
Legal:
Economy:
Cities: Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon
Notables: traders, alphabet

18. The United and Divided Kingdoms
h) Hebrews
The Hebrews: The “Children of Israel” Between 1200 and 1000 B.C.E., the Israelites emerged as a distinctive people organized into tribes
The United and Divided Kingdoms
Solomon (c B.C.E.)
Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant
The divided kingdom
Division into the kingdom of Israel with its capital at Samaria and Judah with its capital at Jerusalem
Assyrians destroyed Samaria in 722 B.C.E. and overran the kingdom of Israel
Deported the Hebrews to other parts of the empire
Chaldeans defeated the Assyrians and destroyed Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E.
Persians destroyed the Chaldean kingdom
Judah remained under Persian control until Alexander the Great

19. Spiritual Dimensions of Israel
Yahweh
Created nature but not in nature
God of mercy and love
Spoke through Moses
Covenant, law, the prophets

20. i) Persians Babylon fell to the Persians in 539 B.C.E.
Indo-European people
Cyrus ( B.C.E.)
Cambyses ( B.C.E.)
Darius ( B.C.E.)
Civil Administration and the Military
Divided into 20 provinces
Satraps collected tribute, responsible for justice and security
Roads
Royal Road stretched from Sardis to Susa
All subjects were the king’s servants
Professional army with a core of 10,000 cavalry
Persian Religion
Zoroaster (b. 660 B.C.E.)
Zoroastrianism
Monotheism
Ahurmazda, the creator, gave all humans free will and the power to chose between right and wrong
Each soul faced final evaluation

21. Egyptian First settlement around 4000 BC
Over 2500 years, most stable civilization the western world had ever known.
Included 31 dynasties grouped into four periods
Egyptian

22. HORUS (sky and falcon god) RA (sun god) AMEN-RE
Divine Kingship
The Importance of Religion
Inseparable element of the world order
Polytheistic
Sun gods and land gods
Sun god worshiped as Atum in human form
Egyptian ruler took the title “Son of Re”
King  Pharoh
HORUS (sky and falcon god)
RA (sun god)
AMEN-RE
OSIRIS (god of the dead)
Mummification – important for return of spiritual ka
Hyksos - result was the Egyptian use of bronze for improved tools and weapons, more effective methods of warfare which enabled the Egyptians to establish the New Kingdom and expand their empire, use of horse-drawn war chariots, significant increase in Egyptian imperialism.
Ahmose I
Empire – Somalia, Nubia, Palestine, Syria
Hatshepsut BC
Amenhotep IV 1364 – 1347 BC
TUTANKHAMEN

23. New Centers of Civilization
By 6500 BC, Agriculture had spread into the Balkan peninsula
By 4000 BC, humans in what is now France, central Europe, Mediterranean area had domesticated animals
Between 3200 – 1500 BC – the druids ended up with very large stones (megalithic constructions) throughout Britain. These megalithic constructions were also evident as far north as Scandinavia and as far south as Corsica and Malta.
Role of Nomadic People
Herding, hunting, gathering, limited farming
Indo_Europeans were most significant nomadic people.
Indo-Europeans from somewhere in the steppe region north of the Black Sea or in southwestern Asia