1. The Developing Person Through the Life Span 8e by Kathleen Stassen Berger
Chapter 3
Heredity & the Environment
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2. Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genetic makeup of an individual
Phenotype
Observable characteristics of an individual
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3. Genetic Foundations
Chromosomes – store and transmit genetic information
DNA – substance of which genes and chromosomes are made
Genes – segments of DNA located along the chromosomes
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4. Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex: Terminology
Gametes
Sex cells: Sperm and ova
Zygote
Sperm and ovum united
Autosomes
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
Sex Chromosomes
23rd pair of chromosomes
Determines sex
XX = female, XY = male
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5. DNA and Mitosis
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6. Twins Fraternal/Dizygotic Identical/Monozygotic Two zygotes,
or fertilized ova
Identical/Monozygotic
One zygote that divides
into two individuals
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7. Alleles Two forms of the same gene
Appear at the same place on both chromosomes in a pair
One inherited from each parent
Homozygous – the two alleles are alike
Heterozygous – the alleles differ
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8. Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
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9. Environmental Contexts for Development
Family
Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning
Affluence
Poverty
Neighborhoods, Towns, and Cities
Cultural Context
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10. Family Influences on Development
Direct
Two-person relationships
Indirect
Third Parties
Adapting to Change
Changes from within
and outside the family
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11. Socioeconomic Status (SES)
Social Status
Years of education
Job prestige and skill required
Economic Status
Income
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12. Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning
Timing and duration of phases in the family life cycle
Values and expectations
Parents’ involvement
Communication and discipline styles
Children’s cognitive development
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13. Risks of Affluence Alcohol and drug use Anxiety Depression
Unavailable parents
Overscheduled
Demanding
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14. Genetic-Environment Correlation
Passive Correlation
Evocative Correlation
Active Correlation
Niche-picking
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15. The Epigenetic Framework
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