1. What is a Turbine ?
A Turbine is a device which converts the heat energy of steam into the kinetic energy & then to rotational energy.
The Motive Power in a steam turbine is obtained by the rate of change in momentum of a high velocity jet of steam impinging on a curved blade which is free to rotate.
The basic cycle for the steam turbine power plant is the Rankine cycle. The modern Power plant uses the rankine cycle modified to include superheating, regenerative feed water heating & reheating.

2. RANKINE CYCLE

4. Impulse & Reaction Turbine
1. Based on Blading Design
a) Impulse turbine
There is no pressure drop across moving blades. Steam energy is transferred to the rotor entirely by the steam jets striking the moving blades. Since there is no pressure drop, negligible thrust is produced.
Reaction turbine
Steam expands in both the stationary & moving blades. Moving blades also act as nozzles. High axial thrust is produced.
c) Combination of Impulse & Reaction turbine

5. IMPULSE TURBINE a

6. IMPULSE REACTION TURBINE

7. DIFFERENCES

8. Impulse & Reaction Turbine
On the Principle of working
Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
Impulse Reaction
-Pressure drops in nozzles and not in moving blade -Pressure drops in fixed blade as well as in moving blades
Constant blade channel area Varying blade channel area
Profile type blades -Aerofoil type blades
Restricted round or incomplete admission of steam -All round or complete admission
Diaphragm contains nozzles -Fixed blades similar to moving blades attached to casing serve as nozzles and guide the steam
Occupies less space for same power -Occupies more space for same power
Higher efficiency in initial stage - higher efficiency in final stages.
Suitable for small power requirements -Suitable for medium or high power requirements.
Blade manufacturing is not difficult -Blade manufacturing process is difficult.
Velocity of steam is high -Velocity of steam is less.

9. Turbines Classification
Based on Inlet & Outlet Steam Condition
Back pressure turbines – The Exhaust steam from the turbine flows out of the steam piping at medium or low pressure. Basically, the exhaust steam can be used effectively in any other machines or equipment in the plant.
Condensing turbines – Full steam quantities entering into the turbine are exhausted, and converted to condensate in a condenser. The exhaust steam pressure is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
Extraction turbines – Medium or low pressure steam required by the process plant is extracted from the intermediate stage of a condensing or back pressure turbine.

10. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES
CASING : MADE OF CAST STEEL EXCEPT CONDENSING STAGE WHICH IS MADE OF CAST IRON. IT IS MOUNTED ON THE FRONT-END BEARING PEDESTAL. EXPANSION OF CASING IS TOWARDS FRONT END.
ROTOR : MACHINED FROM A FORGED BLANK OF ALLOY STEEL. ROTOR IS A SINGLE FORGING INCORPORATING THE THRUST BEARING COLLARS. IT IS SUPPORTED ON TWO PRESSURE LUBRICATED JOURNAL BEARINGS. EXPANSION OF ROTOR IS TOWARDS REAR END.
CONTROL STAGE : CONSISTS OF MOVING BLADES & NOZZLES. NOZZLES ARE MACHINED FROM SOLID BLANKS. THE MOVING BLADES ARE MACHINED FROM SOLID BAR STOCK & HAVE INVERTED TEE ROOTS. TEE ROOTS ARE INSERTED INTO GROVES IN THE TURBINE ROTOR & CAULKED WITH BRASS STRIP.

11. LOSSES External Losses - ESV & strainer losses
- Governing losses (throttling losses)
- Leaving Energy Losses (Latent heat of exhaust steam in condenser)
- Radiation Loss to the surroundings
Internal Losses
Blade losses
i) Primary Losses:
Friction loss due to profile surface finish
ii) Secondary Losses:
- Impingement loss

12. Losses in Turbine (contd.)
Inter stage Tip Leakages:
Steam throttles in the inter stage seals without doing work
Residual velocity Losses:
Kinetic energy of the leaving steam of one stage will be carried over to the next stage. As the axial clearances increase between the stages (or stage groups) part of the kinetic energy will be lost.

15. CROSS-SECTIONAL DRAWING OF BLADED ROTOR
COUPLING
THRUST
COLLAR
HAND BARRING
DISCONNECT
MOVING WHEEL
FOR OIL TURBINE
COUPLING
H.P.BLADES
WHEEL
L.P BLADES

18. Blade Profiles
Impulse
Reaction
Twisted Blade

19. DEFINITION OF GOVERNING SYSTEM
“A SYSTEM WHOSE PURPOSE IS TO CONTROL A PRIME MOVER”
The function of governor is to control the speed of the turbine.It does this by controlling the flow of steam to the nozzles.When the governor reacts to speed, it controls the steam flow and steam flow by defination is power. Therefore, through speed governing shaft output speed is governed with variable power output.

20. Types of Governor Mechanical Governor Hydraulic Governor
Combination of mechanical & Hydraulic
Pneumatic Governor
Electronic Governor

21. Protection Requirements
Over speed
Low Lube oil pressure
Low vacuum
Axial shift
High Vibration
Bearing temperature
High/low extraction pressure
Exhaust temperature
Generator / Compressor protections
Manual / Remote trip

23. CYLINDER WITH TEST PISTON
STOP VALVE
CYLINDER WITH TEST PISTON

25. HP GOVERNING VALVE ASSEMBLY

26. YOKE ASSEMBLY

27. SERVOMOTOR

28. PILOT VALVE

29. MECHANICAL OVER SPEED GOVERNOR
MECHANICAL TRIPPING DEVICE (VERTICAL MOUNTING)