1. “A land ethic, then, reflects the existence of an ecological conscience, and this in turn reflects a conviction of individual responsibility for the health of land.”
--Aldo Leopold

2. Aldo Leopold History

3. What is Ethics?
Ethics help us to decide how we ought to live, what a “good” life is, and how we should behave.
An ethical statement (a)expresses a value (rather than a fact), and
(b) is “prescriptive” (rather than “descriptive”).

4. An ethical statement expresses how the world should be (we shouldn’t pollute). A factual statement, on the other hand, expresses how things are (people do pollute).

5. Broad Sense
an ethic helps us to identify what is valuable or good; what we want to do with our lives; how we want to organize and prioritize our lives in order to achieve a meaningful existence.

6. Ethics are guidelines for behavior
an ethic will help us to decide what we should do---it is a kind of “code of conduct” that regulates our (collective) behaviors.

7. Environmental Ethic
It expresses our values toward nature and guides our behaviors with respect to the environment.
Behaviors “spill over” into a public sphere

8. Land Ethic
ethic dealing with man's relation to land and to the animals and plants which grow upon it

9. Next Step in Evolution of Ethics
the expansion of ethics to include nonhuman members of the biotic community, collectively referred to as "the land." Leopold states the basic principle of his land ethic as, "A thing is right when it tends to preserve the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community. It is wrong when it tends otherwise."

10. First Key
human considerations regarding the land and land use central to environmental decision-making and practice, but does not go as far as to make the land itself deserving of human moral consideration.

11. Second Key
to rethink our notion of what it means to say something deserves our human moral consideration (is “morally considerable”).

12. What does it mean?
What does it mean to you to be morally considerable?
Discuss this with your table group and report out to the class in two minutes.

13. Morally Considerable
The most common way of talking about being morally considerable is to talk about having human or moral rights.
The human or moral rights on whose existence most people agree exist clearly pertain to human persons or moral agents, even if people disagree about how far beyond this basic group these rights extend for instance, to animals or to the land

14. Third Key to rethink what it is to be human
To dispel the FRONTIER ETHIC - that humans are different from and superior to nonhuman animals and “nature”

15. Fourth Key
human beings as essentially (and not merely accidentally) emotional, relational, ecological selves who are members of both human and ecological communities

16. Fifth Key
rethink what counts as a morally relevant value in ethics, ethical decision-making, environmental policy and philosophy.

17. Sixth
to rethink the role of emotion, care, love and empathy in what it means for humans to owe things to each other and the land.---requires the development of emotional, experiential (e.g., hands-on) ecological literacy

18. Seventh Key
to understand the relationships between ecological diversity and cultural diversity in the creation, maintenance and perpetuation of human and land health.

19. What is an example? Can you think of an example
of relationships between ecological diversity and cultural diversity?
Discuss this with your table group and report out to the class in three minutes.

20. Example: Land Health
The culture of primitive peoples is often based on wildlife. Thus the plains Indian not only ate buffalo, but buffalo largely determined his architecture, dress, language, arts, and religion.” The value and loss of cultural diversity is intimately connected with the value and loss of biodiversity.

21. Eighth Key
Makes forest and wilderness preservation necessary for any adequate ethic, environmental ethic or environmental policy.

22. Federal Laws Federal Wilderness Act
Energy Policy Act-addresses energy production in the United States, including: (1) energy efficiency; (2) renewable energy; (3) oil and gas; (4) coal; (5) Tribal energy; (6) nuclear matters and security; (7) vehicles and motor fuels, including ethanol; (8) hydrogen; (9) electricity; (10) energy tax incentives; (11) hydropower and geothermal energy; and (12) climate change technology.
Clean Water Act
Clean Air Act
Endangered Species Act to name a few…

23. Nineth Key
that one need not have a Ph.D. in ecology in order to “see” the value of Wilderness

24. What do you value about Wilderness?
Discuss this among
your table ,mates,
select a reporter for your
group and share your ideas
with the class in three minutes

25. Tenth Key
The characteristics of the land determined the facts as the characteristics of the men who lived on it

26. The Land Ethic--Ahead of its time
the need to foster an environmental ethic that protects and preserves wilderness for current and future generations of humans, nonhuman animals and ecological communities alike.