1. Joints
General anatomy

2. Joints Union between 2 or more bones Joint or articulation
Stable union
Free movement
Types of tissue connecting bones

5. Structural classification
Depending on the presence or abscense of a joint cavity
Synarthroses or solid joints
Diarthroses or cavitated joints

7. Synarthroses
Depending on the type of connective tissue that binds the joints these are further classified into 2 varieties
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint

8. Fibrous joint Bones are united by means of fibrous connective tissue
Immovable
Allow slight movement
Subtypes :
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

10. Cartilaginous joints
2 bones are connected by cartilage---cartilaginous joints
Subtypes:
Synchondroses
Primary cartilaginous joints
2. Sympheses
Secondary cartilaginous joints

12. Diarthroses Cavitated joints Synovial joints Permit free movement
Joint cavity
Articular disc
Menisci
Labra

14. Fibrous capsule
Articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Synovial membrane

16. Fibrous joint

17. Sutures Amount of connective tissue is minimal
Sutures are found in skull only
Movement at sutures
In adults fibrous connective tissue is replaced by bone
Synostosis
Bones show reciprocal adapted irregularities
Interlocking

18. Classification of sutures
Depending on the shape of bone edges
Serrate suture
Denticulate suture
Squamous suture
Plane suture
Schindylesis

20. Serrate suture
Saw like
Sagittal suture

21. Denticulate suture
Tooth like
Lambdoid suture

22. Squamous suture
Reciprocally bevelled
Temporoparietal suture

23. Plane suture
Flat surfaces
Intermaxillary suture

24. Schindylesis Ridge bone fits into a groove
Suture between vomer and sphenoid

25. Syndesmosis
Fibrous joint in which bony surfaces are held together by a fibrous interosseous ligament
Inferior tibiofibular joint
Inter transverse, inter spinous, supraspinous
Interosseus membrane between radius and ulna

27. Gomphoses Conical process of one bone fits into socket of another bone
Teeth and alveolar sockets
No movement

28. Cartilaginous joints

29. Cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses
Symphyses

30. Synchondroses Uniting medium is hyaline cartilage
Primary cartilaginous joints
Not considered as true joints.
No movement is possible
Intracartilaginous method of ossification
Growing ends of 2 bones or ossification centres of a bone
Residual plate may persist

31. Important role in the growth of bone in length
Between occipital and petrous temporal bones

35. Fate of synchondroses Temporary joints Allow growth
When optimum length has been achieved, hyaline cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue

36. Symphyses Bones are joined by fibrocartilage
Secondary cartilaginous joints
Allow limited degree of movement
Bony surfaces are coated with hyaline cartilage
United by fibrocartilage (disc)
Further united by ligamentous bands

37. Distribution Located in the median plane
Between the pubic bons to form pubic symphysis
Between the menubrium and the body of the sternum
Between the bodies of vertebrae

40. Fate of symphyses Most of the symphyses are permanent
Joints between bodies of successive sacral vertebrae
Between sacram and coccyx
Between coccygeal segments

42. Diarthroses

43. Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage Functions: Wear resistant
Lubrication
Shock absorber

45. Blood vessels and nerves
Has no nerves
Insensitive
No blood vessels
Diffusion

46. Fibrous capsule Surrounds the joint in the form of a cuff
Ends of cuff are attached to the articular ends of bones
Attachment on short bones?
Attachment on long bones?
Holds the bones together
Lax and pliable

48. Blood vessels and nerves
fibrous capsule is perforated by blood vessels and nerves
Synovial membrane may protrude as a sac= Bursa
Prevent friction

50. Ligaments Bands of connective tissue For support and strength
May exists as thickening of articular capsule= capsular ligament
Accessory ligament (not a part of articular capsule)
Extracapsular (coracoclavicular ligament)
Intracapsular cruciate ligament of the knee joint)

53. Tough and inelastic
Flexible and pliable
Nonextensible
Rich supply of sensory nerves
Prevent stretching
Sprain

54. Synovial membrane Thin sheet of connective tissue
Rich in blood vessels and lymphatics
Lines the inner surface of the fibrous capsule
Covers intracapsular ligaments and tendon
Absen tfrom articular disc and menisci
In large joints: lines non-articular bone

56. Inner surfaces thrown into folds that projects into the joint cavity
Accumulation of fatty pad = articular fat pads
Situated between the membrane and fibrous capsule or bone
Function:
Joint cushion
ill spaces and irregularities

57. Synovial Fluid Transparent viscous fluid
Clear , pale yellow, viscous and shiny
Synovia
Functions:
Lubricates the opposing articular surfaces
Provide nutrition to articular cartilage, articular discs and menisci

59. Articular Discs Fibrocartilaginous discs
Divide the joint cavity into compartments
Disc may be complete
Disc my be incomplete
Fibrocartilage
Disc is fused to the fibrous capsule
Avascular

61. Functons of articular disc:
Adjust unequal or incongruent articulating surfaces
Shock absorbers
Facilitate the occurrence of combined movements

62. Menisci Cresent shaped wedge of fibrocartilage 2 menisci in knee
Shock absorbing cushion
Improves the congruence between the articulating bone surfaces

64. Labra Pliable socket of Fibrocartilage
Attached to the rim of the cartilage
Serves to increase the depth of the socket
Labrum glenoidale
Labrum acetabulare