1. Summary of Warfare to Date
Development of the sophistication of the art of war.
Tactical systems result from adaptations in:
Geographical, political, economic and technical
Rarely effect the genius of one man
Hannibal
Alexander
Caesar

2. Land Warfare Tactics Try to achieve strength against weakness
Typically a more powerful weapon system
Javelin throwing light infantry against heavy infantry
Normally had to rely on moving against the flank or the rear of the enemy than having a better weapon
Heavy infantry was too heavy to do that
Very hard to communicate the maneuver
Alexander mastered sophisticated tactics, strategy and logistics was unable to articulate or communicate well enough to function as an overall commander.
Just dimly saw the importance of the use of the reserve to exploit an enemy weakness or to counter a strength

3. Land Warfare Tactics
Cavalry was weak in shock action but fast moving and could make rapid flank movements.
Cost was higher than infantry
Better mobility decided most battles!
Caesar defeated Calvary by bringing his 4th line up (Heavy Infantry) at the right time and place at the battle of Pharsalus. (Superior weapon system)

4. Land Warfare Strategy
Same concept as tactics. Pit your strength against his weakness.
Win with least amount of effort
Center of gravity versus critical vulnerability
Logistical Strategy and Combat strategy
Caesar preferred the logistical strategy
“conquering the enemy by hunger than by steel
Battle of Issus: Alexander against Darius
Logistical strategy of hunger to force Darius out of his positions.
Latter he used a combat strategy on terrain that was less favorable to Persian Cavalry

5. Land Warfare Strategy
Military strategy was the servant of political objective.
Parthians versus Rome
Their choice: Logistical Strategy by depriving them of food and water or combat strategy of virtual annihilation of the Roman army.
Politically combat strategy was better.
Political factors also give significance to military success. Sentiments of the people in lack of organized government.

6. Tactics: Offense v Defense
If you have the same weapons, which is better?
Topographically strong position, entrenchments
Strategic Defense v Tactical Defense
Caesar Ilerda Campaign
When to go on the Offense?
Interior lines/Exterior lines
Nero and Hasdrubal in Italy
Avoiding battle

7. Again Politics and Tactics/Strategy
Military success compared to Political Goal
Size of the force compared to the political goal
After a victory could you continue on to occupy
Defensive Strategy and avoiding battle would not work against a persistent Leader who could command political support in the invaded land and goal was territorial occupation.
Defense with good political backing can work. Rome against Hannibal.
Hannibal driven to “raiding”

8. Defense and Politics Persistent Defensive Strategy
Resist without battle but do not have the required fortifications.
Raiding.
Hit isolated detachments
Hit supplies
Hit weaknesses
Hit supply convoys
Hit foragers
Logistics and well as combat strategy

9. Defense and Politics
Raiding Offensive was more powerful than a persisting strategy if you did not have all the tools for a persisting defensive strategy.
Hit and run

10. Strategy Alexander v Darius: Persisting Combat Strategy
Vercingetorix v Alexander: Defensive logistics strategy
Persisting
Raiding
Combat
Logistics

11. Strategy
Persian Plataea campaign: Raiding Logistics strategy from both the offense and defense
Romans against Hannibal
Vercingertorix against Caesar
Greeks against defenders (burn crops)
Hannibal against Rome
Guals
Tactical offensive with defensive retreat
Took Rome over 200 year to Control England and Wales because of this strategy

12. Naval Warfare Shock Action
Boarding Parties with spear, sword and shield
Bows, javelins would proceed this action
Shock action between the ships
Ramming (under the water line) and sinking the other ship
Military ships different from Merchant ships
Narrow, light ships with oarsmen vice sails. Faster
80 feet by 10 feet; 25 oars on each side
No dependency on wind, but oars could maneuver and overtake other ships and ram them

13. Naval Warfare Ships would attack on line abreast
Bow to Bow, Ram to Ram
Skill of Capt and Oarsmen was critical
Boarding parties settled the battle mostly
Very similar to land battles
Flanking movements, envelopments and reserve
Greeks and Persians at Cape Artemesium 480 B. C.
Greek reserve saved the day
Latter Greeks rolled up the Persian Flank (Salamis)

14. Naval Warfare Ships like Cavalry Defense was not superior to Offense
Logistics: Base of Supply
Close to shore and forage (limited)
Strategy: Control the sea and your commerce
Blockades of weaker fleets
Convoy troop transports
Raids
Marathon and the use of the sea
Logistics to Land Warfare