1. Chemistry Review
Chapter 2-3

3. Macroelements- need large quantities
6 elements make up 98% by mass
C, H, N, O, P, S
Microelements (or trace elements)-
Need very small amounts but critical!!
ex. Selenium (Se) is an
antioxidant that helps
prevent cell damage from
free radicals, also help
thyroid function and
boost immune system

4. Compounds are different from the elements that make them up!!Na
NaCl

5. Typical Atom

6. Radioactive Isotopes: nucleus decays
Used in medical research

7. Properties of atoms due to: electronegativity
valence electrons
configuration
size
Ex. Ions

8. Bonds
Due to electronegativity!
Ionic- >1.7
Polar covalent
Covalent- < 0.4

9. Give water special properties!
Hydrogen Bonds
Degrade with heat,
Change in pH, or
Chemical treatments!
Hydrogen with
oxygen, nitrogen,
etc.
Weak
bond-
Strong
force
Give water special properties!

11. All of these forces determine
molecular shape!
And remember: Structure determines
Function!!!!!

13. Should we control a chemical that:
Causes excessive sweating and vomiting.
Is a major component in acid rain.
Can cause severe burns in its gaseous state.
Accidental inhalation can kill you.
Contributes to erosion.
Decreases the effectiveness of car brakes.
Has been found in tumors of terminal cancer patients.

14. What is the chemical?
Dihydrogen monoxide
Chapter 3: Water

15. Unique Properties of Water
Cohesion

16. Answer: c Which of the following is responsible for the
Cohesive property of water?
a. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms
of two adjacent water molecules
b. Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms
c. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom
of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of
another water molecule
d. Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom
of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom
of another water molecule
e. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
and other types of molecules
Answer: c

17. Adhesion

18. Surface Tension

19. High Specific Heat

20. Water Stabilizes Temperature

21. High Heat of Vaporization

22. Water cools organisms

23. Water expands when it freezes

24. Versitile Solvent

25. Hydrophilic: dissolves
Ionic or polar bonds

26. Hydrophobic: repels water
Nonpolar bonds

27. Water Dissociates
H2O H+ + OH-
Pure water ion conc. Is 10-7 M
Adding solutes disrupts balance
Acid- adds H+
Base- reduces H+ (adds OH-)

28. pH scale
Log based
Acids pH <7
Neutral pH=7
Base pH >7
[H+] + [OH-] = 14

29. Buffers
Properties of both acid and base
Resist pH shifts
Very important in living organisms!

30. Word Roots An- not (anion- a negatively charged ion) Co- together
-valent: strength (covalent bond- an attraction between
atoms that share one or more pair of
outer shell electrons)
Electro- electricity (electronegativity- the tendency for
an atom to pull electrons toward itself)
Iso- equal (isotope- an element having the same
number of protons and electrons but a
different number of neutrons)
Neutr- neither (neutron- a subatomic particle with a
neutral electrical charge)
Pro- before (proton- a subatomic particle with a single
positive electrical charge)

31. Word Roots Hydro- water
-philos: loving (hydrophilic- having an affinity for
water)
-phobos: fearing (hydrophobic- having an
aversion for water)
Kilo- a thousand (kilocalorie- a thousand calories)

32. Answer: d Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen Bond?
The peptide bond between amino acids in a protein
The bond between an oxygen atom and a hydrogen
atom in the carboxyl group of a fatty acid
c. The bond between Na+ and Cl- in salt
d. The attraction between a hydrogen of one water
molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule
e. The bond between carbon and hydrogen in methane
Answer: d

33. 2006- The movement of water through vascular plants
is important to their survival.
a. Explain the mechanism of water movement
through vascular plants during transpiration.
Include a discussion of how the anatomy of
vascular plants and the properties of water
contribute to this process.
2003B- Water is important for all living organisms.
The functions of water are directly related to its physical
properties
Describe how the properties of water contribute to
TWO of the following
* transpiration
* thermoregulation in endotherms
* plasma membrane structure