1. Cardiovascular System Diseases
63,400,000 Americans have one or more forms of heart or blood vessel disease
50% of all deaths are cardiovascular disease
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2. HYPERTENSION Hypertension is the number one killer in USA.
Often no symptoms. Called the silent killer
Treatment with medications when B/P reaches 140/90.
Can lead to Heart disease, Kidney Failure, and stroke
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3. Hypertension Risk Factors
Major Uncontrollable
Age
Sex
Race
Heredity
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4. Hypertension Risk Factors
Major Controllable
Smoking
High BP
High blood cholesterol
Diabetes
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5. Hypertension Risk Factors
Minor Controllable
Obesity
Lack of exercise
Stress
Personality
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6. Coronary Artery Disease
Myocardium (heart muscle) requires continuous oxygen and nutrient supply
Myocardial blood supply passes through coronary arteries
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7. Coronary Artery Disease
Atherosclerosis
Narrowing of lumen
plaque formation - related to Risk Factors
results in decreased myocardial perfusion
Poor tissue perfusion causes:
tissue damage (ischemia)
tissue death (infarction)
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8. Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation
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9. Angina Pectoris During stress the myocardium demands more O2
Coronary arteries would normally dilate to supply more blood and O2
In Angina Pectoris, the coronary arteries are unable to dilate sufficiently to increase perfusion
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10. Symptoms -Angina Pectoris
Pain
Substernal
Squeezing/Crushing/Heaviness
May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen back
May be associated with shortness of breath, nausea, sweating
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11. Symptoms -Angina Pectoris
Pain usually associated with 3E’s
Exercise
Eating
Emotion
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12. Symptoms -Angina Pectoris
Pain seldom lasts > 30 minutes
Pain relieved by
Rest
Nitroglycerin
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13. Symptoms -Angina Pectoris
Great anxiety/Fear
Fixation of the body
Pale, ashen, or livid face
Dyspnea (SOB) may be associated
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14. Symptoms -Angina Pectoris
Nausea
Diaphoresis
BP usually up during attack
Dysrhythmia may be present
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15. Angina Pectoris
Following an angina attack there is no residual damage to the myocardium
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16. Acute Myocardial Infarction “Heart Attack”
Inadequate perfusion of myocardium
Death of myocardium
Infarct
Damage to myocardium
Ischemia
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17. Symptoms - AMI Chest Pain - cardinal sign of myocardial infarction
Occurs in 85% of MI’s
Substernal
“Crushing,” “squeezing,” “tight,” “heavy”
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18. Symptoms - AMI Chest Pain
May radiate to arms, shoulders, jaw, upper back, upper abdomen back
May vary in intensity
Unaffected by:
swallowing
coughing
deep breathing
movement
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19. Symptoms - AMI Chest Pain Unrelieved by rest/nitroglycerin
Pain lasts longer than angina pain (up to 12 hours)
“Silent’ MI
15% of patients with MI,
particularly common in elderly and diabetics
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20. Symptoms - AMI Shortness of breath Weakness, dizziness, fainting
Nausea, vomiting
Pallor and diaphoresis (heavy sweating)
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21. Symptoms - AMI Sense of impending doom Denial
50% of deaths occur in first two hours
Average patient waits 3 hours before seeking help
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22. Other Conditions
Arrhythmias- Irregular heart beats. Usually impulse to start irregular beat comes from a source other than the SA node
Atrial Fibrillation – Source comes from somewhere in the Atria- Usually not ,llife threatening
Ventricular Fibrillation- Source comes from Ventricles and can be life threatening
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23. ANEURYSM- Abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, usually an artery, due to a congenital defect, or weakness in vessel wall. Most dangerous are in brain and aorta
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24. Blood Disorders
Phlebitis- Inflammation of a vein. Usually caused by a thrombus or emboli. Causes pain, swelling, heat at site.
Hemophilia- Genetic disease where blood is missing “factors” that help it to clot. These factors can be given intravenously to prevent deadly bleeding
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25. Leukemia- A malignant cancer of the blood forming cells in the bone marrow. Can be many different varieties. Treated with chemotherapy, radiation and/or bone marrow transplant
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