1. Reform
Movements

2. Second Great Awakening

3. School Reform Explain the problem education reformers faced
Schools were not supported by taxes
Children were not required to attend
Low lower literacy rate, increased poverty & crime
Plantation owners considered education a protected privilege of the elite
Who were the reformers
Horace Mann: fought for better school houses, longer terms, higher teacher pay, expand curriculum
What did the reformers propose as a solution
Normal Schools = state sponsored public schools
Minimum 6 months
Teach manners to lessen crime
Teach literacy to lessen poverty
Parents and Churches were responsible for education. As industrialization increased, parents were absent and Church attendance decreased.
Increased voter turnout (Andrew Jackson) inc need for an educated public
Other reformers = Catherine Beecher, Emma Willard, Elizabeth Blackwell
Horace Mann believed democracy required “literate, informed, and moral citizens” – Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education – fought for better school houses, longer school terms, higher pay for teachers, and an expanded curriculum
Noah Webster “School Master of the Republic” – wrote textbooks that promoted patriotism… took 20 years to write his dictionary (1828) that standardized the American language
William H McGuffey – school teacher wrote grade school readers (McGuffey Reader) – lessons on morality, patriotism, idealism… and ANTI-CATHOLIC

4. Temperance Explain the problem temperance reformers faced
Alcohol  crime and poverty
Alcohol  domestic abuse and child neglect
Alcohol  dangerous working conditions
II. Who were the reformers
Neal S. Dow - “Father of Prohibition”
American Temperance Society
III. What did the reformers propose as a solution
Prohibition – want to make alcohol illegal
Temperance – want to promote moderation
(don’t binge drink!)
Many associated alcoholism with immigrants/Catholics… anti alcohol policies targeted
Believed it caused all ills of society: cholera, epilepsy, other medical problems
Neal S Dow – Mayor of Portland, Maine: Est Maine law – prohibited the sale and manufacture of intoxicating liquors. Later ran for president under the Prohibition Party
Washington Temperance Society – public confessions, discussions, and counseling to limit alcoholism
Temperance leaders encouraged many to join the “cold water army” – moderation was more important that prohibition

5. By what reasoning is violence related to alcohol consumption?
What position on the temperance debate do you think the cartoonist holds?
By what reasoning is violence related to alcohol consumption?

6. What is happening in this cartoon?
Evaluate: Do you think this cartoon accurately depicts the issues surrounding alcohol use during the 1800s? Explains.
Detect points of view: How do you think the cartoonist feels about the temperance movement? Explain.
What symbols does the cartoonist use to make a statement about drinking?
What is happening in this cartoon?

7. Changes in Cotton Production
What invention might caused this change?
1820
1860

8. Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

9. Abolition Explain the conditions slaves faced Who were the reformers
Immoral
Slave trade
Harsh conditions of slaves
Who were the reformers
Frederick Douglass (published The North Star)
William Lloyd Garrison (published The Liberator)
Angelina & Sarah Grimke (white southern female abolitionists)
III. What did the reformers propose as a solution
Abolition: end to slavery
Emancipation: freeing enslaved people
Spreading information (newspapers)
** Underground Railroad (more to come on this)

10. William Lloyd Garrison https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PbxSl-U89w
Frederick Douglass
William Lloyd Garrison
Grimke Sisters

11. Women’s Rights Explain the problem women faced Who were the reformers
Lack of power / rights; 2nd class citizens – cannot vote, control property, initiate divorce, make wills, sign contracts
Victims of domestic abuse
Who were the reformers
Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
What did the reformers propose as a solution
Suffrage = enfranchisement for women (right to vote)
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
ECB and her “Declaration of Sentiments”
WHAT DID THEY CHANGE?
Equality of women in all things
Susan B Anthony
Sojourner Truth