1. Cell Structures

2. CELLS Prokaryotic Eukaryotic I. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Smaller
Larger
No True Nucleus
True Nucleus
- Genetic material is found in cytoplasm.
- Genetic material is bound by a membrane
No specialized organelles
*except ribosomes
Contain specialized organelles
EX: Plants, Animals, Protists, & Fungi
EX: Bacteria & Archaea

5. Animal Cell

6. Plant Cell
Cell wall

7. MRS. R. GRENT Cell Wall Lies outside cell membrane Not in animal cells
Structure
Function/Other Info
Support & protection
Cell Wall
Lies outside cell membrane
Not in animal cells
In Plants, made of cellulose
In Fungi, made of chitin
In Bacteria, made of peptidoglycan
Controls what enters/ leaves the cell (selectively permeable)
Composed of lipids & proteins
*Transport & Excretion
Cell Membrane
MRS. R. GRENT

8. Structure
Function/Other Info
Supporting network of long, thin protein fibers in cytoplasm
Made of microtubules and microfilaments
Microtubules: made of protein tubulin, form rigid skeleton, assist in moving substances within cell (organelles, vesicles, chromosomes); also help build centrioles, cilia and flagella (hair-like structures used for cell movement)
Microfilaments: made of protein actin, give cell shape, enable entire cell or parts of cell to move
*Movement, Transport
Cytoskeleton
MRS. R. GRENT

10. Cilia
Flagella

12. Structure
Function/Other Info
Watery fluid between membrane and nucleus that contains organelles
Cytoplasm
Contains hereditary information (DNA)
Surrounded by nuclear membrane/envelope
Dense nucleolus produces ribosomes
*Regulation
Nucleus
MRS. R. GRENT

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure
Function
Ribosome
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS*
Rough ER has ribosomes attached that will produce proteins for export from the cell
Smooth ER synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids, detoxifies harmful substances
Endoplasmic Reticulum
MRS. R. GRENT

14. Structure
Function
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles, which can fuse with the cell’s plasma membrane to release proteins into the membrane or outside environment
(attaches carbohydrates & lipids to proteins)
Golgi Body
MRS. R. GRENT

15. MRS. R. GRENT Vacuole Stores food, water, wastes
Structure
Function
Stores food, water, wastes
Large in plant cells; Small in animal cells
Contractile Vacuole in some freshwater Protists – pumps excess water out of cell
Vacuole
Produce spindle fibers (microtubules) to help separate chromosomes during cell division (reproduction)
Animal cells only
Centrioles
MRS. R. GRENT

16. Structure
Function
Contain digestive enzymes to break down food, old organelles, bacteria, viruses
Some Protists & Animal cells only
*Nutrition
Lysosome
MRS. R. GRENT

17. Structure
Function
Use energy from sunlight to make glucose & oxygen (photosynthesis)
Not in animal cells
Contains chlorophyll (green pigment) to absorb sunlight
*Nutrition
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Release energy from glucose to produce ATP
*Aerobic Respiration
“Powerhouse”
MRS. R. GRENT

18. *Endosymbiotic Theory-
*Endosymbiosis-
One organism lives inside the cell of another organism to the benefit of both.
*Endosymbiotic Theory-
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells.
Evidence:
They have their own DNA
They can make their own proteins
They can self-replicate
They have an inner and outer membrane (inner = original bacterial membrane; outer = vesicle when engulfed by larger cell)