2. II. Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes CELLS ProkaryoticEukaryotic No True Nucleus - Genetic material is free-floating in cytoplasm. No specialized organelles Contain specialized organelles True Nucleus - Genetic material is bound by a membrane EX: BacteriaEX: Human Cells SmallerLarger

6. III. Cell Structures & Organelles Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Cell Wall Plants, Fungi and Prokaryote NOT Animal Cells Provides support & protection Peptidoglycan – prokaryotes Chitin – fungi Cellulose - plants Cytoplasm All cells Contains/Supports organelles Fluid-like material (mostly H 2 O) found inside cell between membrane and nucleus Cell Membrane All cells Regulates what enters/ leaves the cell  selectively permeable Composed mainly of lipids and proteins site of most metabolic reactions Lies outside cell membrane and allows H 2 O, O 2, CO 2 & other substances to pass through.

8. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Nucleus All Eukaryotic Cells Controls most cell processes Contains hereditary information Parts of/in the nucleus: a)Nuclear Envelope  porous double membrane surrounding the nucleus b)Chromatin  DNA wrapped around protein - spread throughout nucleus but condenses into thread-like chromosomes during cell division c)Nucleolus  small, dense region where ribosomes are produced

10. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Endoplasmic Reticulum All Eukaryotic Cells System of membranous canals that are continuous with the nuclear envelope Smooth ER (No ribosomes) = Paths for material transport 2 Types of E.R.  Rough ER (Ribosomes attached) = Synthesis of lipids (fat) Metabolize carbs Detox of drugs and poisons Protein production & storage Ribosome All cells **THE SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS** Located on Rough ER Suspended in Cytoplasm

12. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Golgi Complex All Eukaryotic Cells Stacks of flat membrane sacs Processes, packages, and ships materials throughout cell in transport vessels Manufacture some materials (polysaccharides)

14. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Golgi Complex All Eukaryotic Cells Stacks of flat membrane sacs Processes, packages, and ships materials throughout cell in transport vessels Manufacture some materials (polysaccharides) Lysosome All Animal Cells, NOT Plant and Prokaryote Cells Combines with food vacuoles to digest nutrients Breaks down used cell parts Destroy foreign material, bacteria Contains digestive enzymes

16. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Vacuole All Plant cells (Large), Animal cells (small or none), NOT in Prokaryote Storage vessel for … Food Water Waste Cell Products Contractile Vacuole  Pumps excess water out of cell *Found in fresh water protists Helps support structure in plant cells

18. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Vacuole All Plant cells (Large), Animal cells (small or none), NOT in Prokaryote Storage vessel for … All Eukaryotic Cells Help separate chromosomes during cell division Food Water Waste Cell Products Contractile Vacuole  Pumps excess water out of cell Microtubules Found in the cytoskeleton  provides support to the cell shape Serve as “tracks” for organelles to move Helps build other structures... -Centrioles -Cilia -Flagella Hair-like organelles involved in cell movement Cylinder-like structures made of tubulin (protein) *Found in fresh water protists Helps support structure in plant cells

22. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Microfilament All Eukaryotic Cells Aid in movement of cytoplasm within cell  Cyclosis Found in the cytoskeleton (support) Thread-like strands of actin (protein) in the cytoplasm

24. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Microfilament All Eukaryotic Cells Aid in movement of cytoplasm within cell  Cyclosis Found in the cytoskeleton (support) Thread-like strands of actin (protein) in the cytoplasm Centrioles Animal Cells Only Help separate chromosomes during cell division Pair of cylinders (made of microtubules) that lie at right angles to each other

27. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Microfilament All Eukaryotic Cells Aid in movement of cytoplasm within cell  Cyclosis Found in the cytoskeleton (support) Thread-like strands of actin (protein) in the cytoplasm Centrioles Animal Cells Only Help separate chromosomes during cell division Pair of cylinders (made of microtubules) that lie at right angles to each other Mitochondria All Eurkaryotic Cells Has a double membrane: inner membrane is folded to increase surface area for biochemical reactions **Have their own DNA and can duplicate themselves* “Powerhouse” Use glucose, water and oxygen to produce energy yielding molecules (ATP) through aerobic respiration.

30. Structure Found in… FunctionOther Important Info Chloroplast Photosynthetic cells ONLY, NOT in Animal Cells or Prokaryote Protein rich fluid called stroma Contains...**Site of Photosynthesis  Sun (H 2 O+CO 2  Glucose+O 2 ) Stacks of membranes called grana Chlorophyll (green) Have their own DNA and can duplicate themselves

32. Endosymbiotic Theory Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from bacteria that were engulfed by larger cells. Endosymbiosis One organism lives inside the cell of another organism to the benefit of both.