1. Cell Structure and Organelles

2. Animal Cell Electron micrograph of a typical animal cell
Note: mitochondria in red, nucleus in peach, endoplasmic reticulum in blue

3. Structures in the animal cell1 2 3 4 5a 5b 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Structures in the animal cell
nucleus
chromatin
nuclear pore
nucleolus
rough endoplasmic reticulum
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
vesicle
microtubule
cytoplasm
centriole
vacuole
ribosome
mitochondria
Golgi body
lysosome
cell membrane
vesicle
cytoskeleton

4. Plant Cell Electron micrograph of a typical plant cell
Note: mitochondria in red, nucleus in green, plastids in yellow

5. These can’t be fond in plants.
Just kidding.
These can’t be fond in plants. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Structures in the plant cell
lysosome
vacuole
nuclear pore
chromatin
nucleolus
nuclear membrane
chloroplast
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
microtubule
vesicles
cell membrane
cell wall
microtubule
cytoplasm
mitochondria
Golgi body
cell wall

6. Cell Membrane Functions of cell membrane:
protects cell from outside environment;
keeps cell contents together;
selectively allows materials to cross into & out of cell.

7. Cell membrane

8. Cell Membrane
glycocalyx
transmembrane protein

9. Cell Membrane
Phospholipid: composed of a phosphate “head” and fatty acid “tails.”
Hydrophilic Head is “water loving” or soluble in water. Hydrophobic Tails are “water hating” or insoluble in water.
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

10. Proteins: “float” around within the membrane or on its surface;
functions include:
structural support
surface binding sites for molecules like hormones
recognition sites for cell to cell communication & interaction
transport molecules across the membrane
transport electrons & protons within the membrane

11. Cell Membrane Glycocalyx:
carbohydrate chains attached to proteins (glycoproteins),
involved in recognition & communication proteins, points for cell to cell attachment
Cholesterol:
keeps the phospholipids stable and helps retain the membrane‘s shape

12. Mitochondria Mitochondria are the site of aerobic cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is the process that converts sugar energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for storage
(overall reaction: glucose + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP energy)
ATP is used by other organelles & cell processes for energy

13. Mitochondria outer membrane – protects and controls entry of materials
inner membrane –
folded into cristae
intermembrane space
cytosol containing ions

14. Mitochondrial structures
Cristae: site of chemical reactions using embedded proteins
Matrix: mitochondrion cytosol
Mitochondrial DNA: self replicating organelle, produces its own unique proteins

15. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are found only in green plants
They convert sunlight to chemical energy via photosynthesis 
(sunlight + CO2 + H2O --> glucose + O2)

16. Chloroplast structures
Stroma: chloroplast cytosol
Lamella: membrane that attaches inner chloroplast structures
Thylakoid disk: have a specialized membrane for photosynthesis
Grana: stack of thylakoid discs
Chloroplast DNA: self- replicating organelle

17. Nucleus Electron micrograph of a nucleus
Note: nucleolus in center of nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes just outside of nucleus

18. Components of the Nucleus
Nucleolus: the densest area within the nucleus; the location for production of ribosomes
Chromatin: stringy material made of proteins and DNA that makes up the majority of the nucleus
Chromosomes: just before the cell divides thechromatin condenses into chromosomes

19. Nucleus

20. Chromatin and Chromosomes

21. Ribosomes
Ribosomes are microscopic spheres attached to the ER or free- floating in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes are protein factories

22. Endoplasmic Reticulum
The ER is a twisting network of canals and sacs extending through the cytoplasm and connecting the cell membrane to the nuclear membrane
The ER may have ribosomes attached to it (rough ER)
The ER serves to transport products (e.g. proteins) within the cell

23. Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi bodies are sacs of membranous plate-like bags which produce vesicles (sacs)
They function to produce and store cellular secretions
Many proteins and lipids undergo final processing in the Golgi complex

24. Lysosomes
Membrane bound sacs that are used for digestion of various structures within the cell
An acidic environment along with hydrolytic enzymes within lysosomes help to digest particles

25. Cilia and Flagella Both are made of fine protein fibres
Both can be used for locomotion
Cilia: short, may be numerous on cell surface
Flagella: long, usually few in number on cell surface

26. Questions from textbook
Textbook Review