1. Bridging Toll-like- and B Cell-Receptor Signaling: Meet Me at the Autophagosome 
John G. Monroe, Mary E. Keir 
Immunity 
Volume 28, Issue 6, Pages (June 2008)
DOI: /j.immuni
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Strategies for the Enhancement of BCR-Initiated B Cell Activation
Pathogens engaged by BCR generate signals as a consequence of BCR aggregation. If a microbe is bound by complement proteins generated via the alternative pathway of complement activation (left), these proteins can then engage and recruit the CD19 and CD21 coreceptors, which generate signals through CD19 and other associated components of the complex to enhance signals for activation. Alternatively, TLR4 recognition of bacterial cell-wall LPS on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria increases signaling through the BCR (middle) by providing synergy for the rapid triggering of B cell activation and differentiation pathways and by relaxing requirements for CD4+ T cell help. Fusion of TLR9-containing endosomes after BCR triggering can also increase BCR-initiated activation if foreign DNA is recognized by TLR9 in the autophagosome (right). In this case, signaling through MAPK and NF-kB, which are downstream of both TLR9 and the BCR, is increased.
Immunity  , DOI: ( /j.immuni )
Copyright © 2008 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions