1. Labor Gets Organized The Emergence of a Labor Movement
Great RR Strike of reaction to wage cuts, protests erupted in many cities across the country
RR companies blacklisted many of the workers to keep them from being hired
Farmers’ plight:
Despised protective tariffs, farmers argued RRs that exploited them by charging high rates for shipping
National Grange (The Grange) – Social organization that brought farmers together to discuss their situation
Greenback Labor Party - national movement that sought an 8-hour work day and better working conditions
Granger Laws - state laws that regulated RRs, many later were overturned – Remember Munn v. Illinois.

2. The Knights of Labor
Founded in 1869, by Terrance Powderly - advocated employees should own shops
Open membership - skilled and unskilled workers, women and blacks were welcomed
Goals of the Knights - Workplace safety laws, elimination of child labor, income tax for wealthy, public ownership of RRs
Haymarket Square Riot Meeting of workers to gain 8-hour workday
At the meeting, someone threw a bomb, killing and injuring many
Many anarchists were found guilty and sentenced to death
Members of the Knights of Labor were involved with the Haymarket Square Riot and people began to believe that the group was lawless and as a result lost public support, leading to their downfall

3. Farmers and Workers: The Cooperative Alliance:
Farmers’ Alliance - sought to establish cooperative stores - eliminate the middlemen
A separate, Colored Farmers’ Alliance was established as well since Southern white farmers refused to team up with black farmers – even in their own best interest
Eventually the Farmer Alliance began to aim for political influence and the group became the Populist Party
Interstate Commerce Act - created the ICC, allowed the government to investigate abuses by RRs, mostly symbolic at first – later the ICC would regulate RR rates.

4. The American Federation of Labor
Unlike the Knights, the AFL was comprised of skilled white male workers only
Led by Samuel Gompers, the AFL sought:
“Bread and butter” issues, or “pure-and-simple unionism”
Higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions
The AFL used “collective bargaining” to secure better benefits for their members.
Membership increased to over 2 million at one point