1. DNA Technology and Genomics
Chapter 12
DNA Technology and Genomics

2. DNA and Crime Scene Investigations
DNA and Crime Scene Investigations
Many violent crimes go unsolved
For lack of enough evidence
If biological fluids are left at a crime scene
DNA can be isolated from them

3. DNA fingerprinting is a set of laboratory procedures
DNA fingerprinting is a set of laboratory procedures
That determines with near certainty whether two samples of DNA are from the same individual
That has provided a powerful tool for crime scene investigators
Investigator at one
of the crime scenes
(above), Narborough,
England (left)

4. BACTERIAL PLASMIDS AND GENE CLONING
12.1 Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview
Plasmid-a small DNA molecule that is physically separate from, and can replicate independently of, the chromosomal DNA within a cell.
Gene cloning is one application of DNA technology
Methods for studying and manipulating genetic material

5. And insert those plasmids into bacteria
Researchers can insert desired genes into plasmids, creating recombinant DNA
And insert those plasmids into bacteria
Bacterium 1
Plasmid
isolated
Cell containing gene
of interest 2
DNA
isolated 3
Gene inserted
into plasmid
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasmid
Recombinant DNA
(plasmid)
DNA
Gene of
interest 4
Plasmid put into
bacterial cell
Recombinant
bacterium 5
Cell multiplies with
gene of interest
Copies of gene
Copies of protein
Gene for pest
resistance
inserted into
plants
Clone of cells
Protein used to make snow form at higher temperature
Figure 12.1
Gene used to alter bacteria
for cleaning up toxic waste
Protein used to dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy

6. If the recombinant bacteria multiply into a clone
The foreign genes are also copied

7. CONNECTION
12.6 Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products
Applications of gene cloning include
The mass production of gene products for medical and other uses
Table 12.6

8. Different organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and mammals
Different organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and mammals
Can be used for this purpose
Figure 12.6

9. 12.7 DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry
CONNECTION
12.7 DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry
DNA technology
Is widely used to produce medicines and to diagnose diseases

10. Therapeutic hormones
In 1982, humulin, human insulin produced by bacteria
Became the first recombinant drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration
Figure 12.7A

11. Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease
Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease
DNA technology
Is being used increasingly in disease diagnosis

12. Vaccines DNA technology
Vaccines
DNA technology
Is also helping medical researchers develop vaccines
Figure 12.7B

13. Vaccine
Vaccine-a substance containing all or part of a harmless version of a pathogen that physicians introduce into the body to produce immunity to disease.

14. 12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law
CONNECTION
12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law

15. DNA fingerprinting can help solve crimes
DNA fingerprinting can help solve crimes
Blood from
defendant’s clothes
Defendant’s
blood
Victim’s
blood
Figure 12.12A
Figure 12.12B

17. CONNECTION
12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases
Gene therapy
Is the alteration of an afflicted individual’s genes
Cloned gene
(normal allele) 1
Insert normal gene
into virus
Viral nucleic
acid
Retrovirus 2
Infect bone marrow
cell with virus 3
Viral DNA inserts
into chromosome
Bone marrow
cell from patient
Bone
marrow
Figure 12.13 4
Inject cells
into patient

18. Gene therapy
May one day be used to treat both genetic diseases and nongenetic disorders
Unfortunately, progress is slow

19. GENOMICS CONNECTION
12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology
The Human Genome Project, begun in 1990 and now largely completed, involved
Genetic and physical mapping of chromosomes, followed by DNA sequencing
Figure 12.15

20. The data are providing insight into
Development, evolution, and many diseases

21. 12.16 Most of the human genome does not consist of genes
12.16 Most of the human genome does not consist of genes
The haploid human genome contains about 25,000 genes
And a huge amount of noncoding DNA

22. Much of the noncoding DNA consists of repetitive nucleotide sequences
And transposons that can move about within the genome

23. Differentiation-a cell becomes specialized in structure and function.

24. Cloning
A clone is an individual created by asexual reproduction and thus is genetically identical to a single parent.

26. Nuclear Transplantation
Nuclear Transplantation-the introduction of a nucleus from a body cell into an egg cell to generate an organism identical to the nucleus donor

27. Nucleus from donor cell
Implant blastocyst in surrogate mother
Clone of donor is born
(reproductive cloning)
Remove nucleus from egg cell
Add somatic cell
from adult donor
Grow in culture to produce an
early embryo (blastocyst)
Remove embryonic
Stem cells from
blastocyst and grow in culture
Induce stem cells to form specialized cells (therapeutic cloning)
Figure 11.10

28. Reproductive Cloning
Reproductive cloning-the type of cloning which results in birth of a new individual.
Reproductive cloning of nonhuman mammals is useful in research, agriculture, and medicine.

29. Therapeutic Cloning
Therapeutic cloning-when the major aim is to produce embryonic stem cells for therapeutic treatments.
Embryonic stem cells-give rise to the different kinds of specialized cells of the body.
Embryonic stem cells can perpetuate themselves in culture and
give rise to differentiated cells.

30. 12.17 The science of genomics compares whole genomes
CONNECTION
12.17 The science of genomics compares whole genomes
The sequencing of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes
Has produced data for genomics, the study of whole genomes

31. Besides being interesting themselves
Besides being interesting themselves
Nonhuman genomes can be compared with the human genome
Table 12.17

32. Proteomics
Is the study of the full sets of proteins produced by organisms

33. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS CONNECTION
12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture

34. gene within plant chromosome
Recombinant DNA technology
Can be used to produce new genetic varieties of plants and animals, genetically modified (GM) organisms
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
DNA containing
gene for desired trait
Plant cell 1 2 3 Ti
plasmid
Recombinant
Ti plasmid
Insertion of gene
into plasmid using
restriction enzyme
and DNA ligase
Introduction
into plant
cells in
culture
Regeneration
of plant
T DNA carrying new
gene within plant chromosome
T DNA
Plant with new trait
Restriction
site
Figure 12.18A

35. Transgenic organisms
Are those that have had genes from other organisms inserted into their genomes
Figure 12.18B

36. A number of important crops and plants Are genetically modified
A number of important crops and plants
Are genetically modified

37. Genetically Modified Organism
Genetically modified organisms-an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means rather than by traditional breeding methods.

38. Agricultural Applications
To feed the planet’s hungry population, biologists have made crop plants that are more tolerant to environmental conditions.
The plants are protected from serious damage and yield more food.

39. 12.19 Could GM organisms harm human health or the environment?
CONNECTION
12.19 Could GM organisms harm human health or the environment?
Development of GM organisms
Requires significant safety measures
Figure 12.19A

40. Genetic engineering involves risks
Genetic engineering involves risks
Such as ecological damage from GM crops
Figure 12.19B

41. CONNECTION
12.20 Genomics researcher Eric Lander discusses the Human Genome Project
Genomics pioneer Eric Lander
Points out that much remains to be learned from the Human Genome Project
Figure 12.20

42. 12.17 The science of genomics compares whole genomes
12.17 The science of genomics compares whole genomes
The sequencing of many prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes
Has produced data for genomics, the study of whole genomes