1. Bell Work
Sheila is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her boyfriend. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of ________ needs
Self-actualization
Achievement
Belongingness
Safety
Sexual

2. Friday, February 20 (Next Week!)-$20 initial fee for AP test
If you need the fee reduction, talk to Ms. Miller or Ms. Larson ASAP!!!

3. Emotions
Carroll Izard’s research showed that there were ten basic emotions
Joy, interest/excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt.
Some psychologists believe that pride, distress, acceptance, and love may also be basic emotions.
Silvan Tomkins: distress
Robert Plutchik: acceptance
Emotions can be placed along two basic axes:
Arousal
Valence

5. Fear We are biologically predisposed to learn some fears over others.
People differ in the extent to which they are fearful or fearless and part of the difference is genetic.
Twin studies
Family studies

6. Polygraphs
Poly-many
Blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity (sweat affects this)
Control questions
25% of guilty people are judged innocent by lie detectors
35% of innocent people are judged guilty by lie detectors

7. Anger
Catharsis Hypothesis: Releasing negative energy will calm aggressive tendencies.
Unsupported by research
Venting rage may calm us temporarily, but in the long run, it does not reduce anger and may actually amplify it.
Anger is better handled by waiting until the level of physical arousal diminishes, calming oneself, and expressing grievances in ways that promote reconciliation rather than retaliation.
When reconciliation fails, forgiveness can reduce one’s anger and its physical symptoms.
Forgiveness releases anger and can calm the body.

8. Physiological Differences Between Different Emotions
The right prefrontal cortex seems to express negative emotions
The left frontal lobe is responsible for positive moods
The left frontal lobe has a supply of dopamine receptors.
The nucleus accumbens is a neural pathway that increases dopamine levels.

9. Effects of Facial Expressions
Facial Feedback Hypothesis: expressions amplify our emotions by activating muscles associated with specific states, and the muscles that signal the body or respond as though we were experiencing those states.
So, if you imitate the facial expressions normally associated with happiness, you are likely to feel happy to some degree.
There is research that supports this.

10. Happiness
The feel-good, do-good phenomenon is our increased willingness to help others when we are in a good mood. Pay it forward.
Positive psychology

12. Predictors of Happiness
Happiness is genetically influenced, but we do have some control.
Researchers have found 10 ways to increase a person’s happiness:
Realizing that enduring happiness doesn’t come from financial success
Taking control of one’s time
Acting happy (Fake it till you make it)
Seeking work and leisure that engages one’s skills (intrinsic motivation)
Exercising regularly
Getting adequate sleep
Giving priority to close relationships
Focusing beyond oneself; service to others
Gratitude
Nurturing our spiritual selves

13. Daily Emotional Ups and Downs
Negative emotion peaks just after waking up and before sleep.
Positive emotion rises gradually, peaking about seven hours after we get out of bed, then falls gradually.
Moods triggered by good/bad events seldom last beyond a day.
Even significant bad events (e.g., serious illness) seldom destroy happiness for long, although we tend to underestimate our capacity to adapt.

14. Spillover Effect
When our arousal from one event influences our response to other events.

15. Culture and Emotional Expression
Words that don’t exist in English
Different cultures shows differences in the expression of the same emotions.
They also differ in how much emotions they express.
Children’s facial expressions are universal.
It is adaptive for us to interpret faces in particular contexts.
Some emotional expressions help us to take in more sensory information or to avoid taking in toxic substances.