1. Space Exploration

2. Escape velocity Geosynchronous Satellites ISS GPS Probes Rovers
OUTCOME QUESTION(S):
S1-4-09:
What is the purpose of the various objects humans put in space?
S1-4-11:
What are some current goals in Canadian and International Space exploration?
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Escape velocity Geosynchronous Satellites
ISS GPS Probes Rovers

3. Escape velocity – speed a rocket needs to overcome the pull of gravity moving into space.
Smaller rockets attached to the spacecraft make minor changes in the direction once in space
No atmosphere in space – so shuttle must carry an oxygen supply for the rocket fuel to combust and burn

4. Satellite: any body that orbits around another body in space
Satellites
Satellite: any body that orbits around another body in space

5. Earth orbit satellites exist as two types:
1. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites
(1963) Canada’s first satellite - Alouette 1
Traveling very fast – so it doesn’t get pulled in
Telescopes, Space Stations
LEO objects must move fast enough to orbit Earth every 90 minutes or they will lose speed by the pull of gravity and crash

6. 100%“opacity” means it doesn’t reach ground
Ground Telescopes vs. Space Telescopes:
Ground telescopes have many issues:
Air pollution/light pollution affects clarity - poor
Atmosphere scatters light waves - inconsistent
Atmosphere absorbs most other waves- limited
100%“opacity” means it doesn’t reach ground

7. Hubble: First Optical Space Telescope
Launch: April 24, 1990 from shuttle Discovery
Name: American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble
Dr. Hubble confirmed an "expanding" universe by noticing red-shift, which provided the foundation for Big Bang theory
Optical Capabilities EMS capabilities: Infrared, visible and ultraviolet Equipment: 3 cameras, 3 spectroscopes
Data Statistics: transmits 120 gigabytes every week
Images sent to us by the Hubble Space Telescope are from some stars 8 billion light years away

11. International Space Station (ISS)
Sputnik
MIR
Yuri Gagarin

12. First satellite – Sputnik – Soviet (1957)
Space Race Facts:
First satellite – Sputnik – Soviet (1957)
First manned spacecraft – Soviet (1961)
First space station – Salyut 1 – Soviet (1971)
Second space station – MIR – Soviet (1986)
Russian astronauts are called “cosmonauts” – Yuri Gagarin was the first man in space
MIR space station was used until 1998 when it was converted into the much larger:
International Space Station (ISS)
A cooperative venture of the United States, Europe, Canada, Russia and Japan

15. High Earth Orbit Satellites

16. (Moving with Earth’s rotation – always over the same spot)
2. High Earth Orbit (HEO) satellites
Higher so it can travel much slower
With the right speed, can be geosynchronous
(Moving with Earth’s rotation – always over the same spot)
(1972) Canada’s 1st geosynchronous - Anik 1
Used for telecommunications
Global Positioning System (GPS)
~30 satellites at a distance of
~ km above the Earth
Not geosynchronous

17. Space Probes and Rovers

18. Space Probes and Rovers Robotic explorers – lots of advantages for use
Less expensive (Pro)
Farther distances (Pro)
No possibility of fatalities (Pro)
Limited experimentally (Con)
Limited skill set (Con)
Probe/Rover Names:
Voyager Pioneer
Cassini Galileo
Pathfinder Lunar prospector Mars Sojourner

19. Rovers: probes designed specifically to land on the surface and experiment

20. Manned Space Activities

21. Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin
Apollo 11 
First humans on the moon - July 20, 1969
Armstrong was first (“one small step…”)
Collected 47.5 pounds of lunar material
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, Edwin (Buzz) Aldrin

24. Canada's Involvement In Space

25. Canadarm
Used on the ISS
A robotic arm that allows astronauts in the space
shuttle to move large cargo in space
Not permanently attached
to one spot – it can move
around the Space Station
on tracks

26. Astronauts and Astronomers:
Chris Hadfield Roberta Bondar
Marc Garneau Julie Payette
Bob Thirsk Dave Williams
Canadian astronauts are usually scientists or “payload specialists” - in charge of satellites and equipment
(1989) Canadian Space Agency

27. S1-4-09: S1-4-11: CAN YOU ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS?
What is the purpose of the various objects humans put in space?
S1-4-11:
What are some current goals in Canadian and International Space exploration?
Vocabulary & Concepts 
Escape velocity Geosynchronous Satellites
ISS GPS Probes Rovers