1. HUMAN POPULATIONS World Population Clock Population Ranks
U.S. POP Clock Projection

2. HUMAN POPULATIONS
Every second, on average, 4-5 children are born somewhere on earth. In that same second, 2 other people die. This difference between births and deaths means a net gain of nearly 2.5 people per second in the world’s population.
9000 people per hour
214,000 people per day
Over 6 million per month
78 million per year
If each one stood up, pronounced their name and sat down, it would take 600 years to complete roll call
By 2025 it will take 1,000 years to complete this exercise

3. World Population Over the Centuries
9,000 human beings added to the
planet every hour

4. Exponential Growth
Exponential growth is marked by doubling. A few doublings can lead quickly to enormous numbers.
It is deceptive because it starts out slowly, but rapidly gets out of hand.

5. Reasons for the Human Population Explosion
Causes of disease recognized
Improvements in nutrition
Discovery of antibiotics
Improvements in medicine
Increase in number of women who actually reach child-bearing age
Short doubling times in some countries
Increased food production
Sanitation

6. What influences Growth rate?
Crude birth rate – the number of births per thousand people.
Crude death rate – the number of deaths per thousand people.
If they are equal, there is zero population growth.
If births is higher than deaths, then the pop. Goes up.
Life expectancy – The average number of years someone is expected to live.

7. Growth Rate- includes birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration

9. World Growth Rates

10. Factors Affecting Death Rates
Death rates have declined because of:
Increased food supplies, better nutrition.
Advances in medicine.
Improved sanitation and personal hygiene.
Safer water supplies.
U.S. infant mortality is higher than it could be (ranked 46th world-wide) due to:
Inadequate pre- and post-natal care for poor.
Drug addiction.
High teenage birth rate.

12. Infant mortality rate- Number of child/infant deaths
Infant mortality rate- Number of child/infant deaths. If a mother lives in an area with a high infant mortality rate she will tend to have a lot of children to ensure some will make it to adulthood.

13. Total Fertility Rate- an estimate of the average number of children a women will have during her childbearing years.

14. Factors that affect birth & fertility rates
Educational & employment opportunities
Infant mortality rate
Average age at marriage
Availability of reliable birth control
Importance of kids in labor force
Urbanization
Cost of raising & educating kids
Availability of private & public pensions
Religious beliefs, traditions & cultural norms

15. Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Fertility Rates
The number of children women have is affected by:
The cost of raising and educating them.
Availability of pensions.
Urbanization.
Education and employment opportunities.
Infant deaths.
Marriage age.
Availability of contraception and abortion.

16. Average crude birth rate Average crude death rate21
World 9
All developed
countries 11 10
All developing
countries 23
Figure 9.3
Global connections: average crude birth and death rates for various groupings of countries in (Data from Population Reference Bureau) 8
Developing
countries
(w/o China) 27 9
Fig. 9-3, p. 174

17. Replacement-level fertility- the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. It is slightly higher than two children per couple. (2.2 in developed countries and as high as 4.5 in some developing countries) It is greater in countries w/ high infant mortality rates than in countries w/ low infant mortality rates

18. Other factors that influence a countries population
Immigration – the migration or movement of people into a country or area to take up permanent residence.
Emigration – the migration or movement of people out of a country.
Net Migration- Total number of people moving into or out of the population.

19. Reasons to Immigrate Work Money Political Safety Freedom of Religion
To Escape War
Famine
For a Better Education
Different Government
Tolerance
Usually people immigrate to start a better life for them or their families. Some come alone in hope that they can soon bring the rest of their family. Others work so they can send money to help those where they came from.

20. FACTORS AFFECTING HUMAN POPULATION SIZE
Population increases because of births and immigration and decreases through deaths and emigration.
Instead of using raw numbers, crude birth rates and crude death rates are used (based on total number of births or deaths per 1,000 people in a population).

21. Demographics
A demographer studies vital statistics about people, such as birth rates, death rates, where they live, as well as population size.
They compare country to country, state to state, region to region.
They can predict trends that can be important to plan the future.

22. Demographics Developed Less-Developed High literacy rates
High standards of living
Low birth rate
Low death rate
Slow or Zero population growth
High life expectancy
Rich
High per capita
High Energy Consumption
Urban populations
Less-Developed
Low literacy rates
Low standard of living
High birth rate
High death rate
Rapid population growth
Low life expectancy
Poor
Widespread Disease
Low per capita
Rural populations

23. Economic Categories Based on Per Capita Gross National Income
Gross National Product (GNP)- The most commonly used measure of the economic growth of a country.
per capita – takes into relation countries population
High-income, highly developed, industrialized countries
United States, Japan, Canada
Average GNI per capita = $26,710
Middle-income, moderately developed countries
Latin America, South Africa, China
Average GNI per capita = $1,850

24. Major Economic Divisions of the World
Gross national income/capita

25. POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE
Populations with a large proportion of its people in the preproductive ages 1-14 have a large potential for rapid population growth.
Figure 9-9

26. POPULATION AGE STRUCTURE
Today, baby boomers make up nearly half of all adult Americans and dominate the populations demand for goods and services.
Figure 9-11

27. Demographic Transition
Generalized model of demographic transition.
Some developing countries may have difficulty making the demographic transition.
Figure 9-14

28. Demographic Transition: As countries become economically developed, their birth and death rates tend to decline.
Preindustrial stage: little population growth due to high infant mortality.
Transitional stage: industrialization begins, death rates drops and birth rates remain high.
Industrial stage: birth rate drops and approaches death rate.
Post Industrial: Death rate is at or above birth rate.

32. Population Density

33. Population Density

34. Do you think our world can handle this many people?
Carrying capacity – The maximum number of individual species that can be supported by an ecosystem on a long term basis.

35. Carrying Capacity
At this point, the environment can no longer provide for the species, due to a number of different environmental resistances, including food, crowding, competition, etc. The population, due to lack of resources, will begin to die out, allowing the environment to recover. As the environment recovers, the species population is able to flourish once more. This leads to a fluctuation between the prosperity of the species and the prosperity of the environment (hence the fluctuations in the graph). 
Biotic potential – if resources were unlimited, optimal conditions.

36. Effects of Overpopulation?
Food Shortage - famine
Natural recourses shortage
Land Overuse
War
Disease
Pollution-waste managment

39. Population Control
An important example of mandated population control is China's one-child policy, in which having more than one child is made extremely unattractive. This has led to allegations that practices like infanticide, forced abortions, and forced sterilization are used as a result of the policy.
Psychological/Behavioral: abstention, calendar rhythm method
Mechanical: condoms, diaphragms
Chemical: the pill, Norplant
Surgical: tubal ligation, vasectomy
Intrauterine Devices (IUD): abortion device

42. China’s Family Planning Program
Currently, China’s TFR is 1.6 children per women.
China has moved 300 million people out of poverty.
Problems:
Strong male preference leads to gender imbalance.
Average population age is increasing.
Not enough resource to support population.

43. Some countries, including China, penalize couples who have more than one or two children by:
Raising their taxes
Charging other fees
Eliminating income tax deductions for a couple’s third child
Loss of health-care benefits, food allotments and job options

44. In China couples who pledge to have no more than one child receive
Extra food
Larger pensions
Better housing
Free medical care
Salary bonuses
Free school tuition for their one child
Preferential treatment in employment when their child enters the job market.

48. % Increase= (Final Total – Initial Total)/ Initial total x 100
(CBR - CDR)/1000 x 100 =
% Rate of Increase or decrease
in population per 1000 per year
70/ Rate of Increase = Doubling Time
CB(D)R per 1000 = (# Births / Total Population) x 1000