1. Chapters 19 and 20

2. The Gunpowder Empires

3. The Mughals
Founded by Babur in sweeps away the Delhi sultanate in India
Descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan – like them, he wants to build an extensive empire
Babur’s grandson is Akbar the Great- golden age
Syncretism- mixing of cultural elements such as language, art, and architecture
Religious toleration- “Divine Faith”- encouraged peace between Hindus and Muslims – ends forced conversion of Hindu prisoners
Land grants
Well-organized govt. and military (both Muslims and Hindus in military)

5. Akbar’s grandson is Shah (king) Jahan
Favorite wife dies
“Empire has no sweetness”
“Life itself has no relish for me now”
Builds Taj Mahal for her in Muslim-style architecture

7. Ottoman Empire Turkish people
Fall of Mongols leads to rise of Ottoman Turks (1300)
Conquer Constantinople in now involved in sea economy- renamed Istanbul
Continue to expand over 200 yrs. Conquer largest empire since Abbasid caliphate- used innovation and new technology
Culturally and ethnically diverse empire
Take Hungary and almost take Austria
Who was the Ottoman’s most significant rival for power in Central Asia?

9. Society 4 Classes of people
“men of the pen”- scientists, writers, lawyers etc.
“men of the sword”
“men of negotiation” (merchants, artisans)
“men of husbandry” (farmers and herders)
Women were isolated in the harem

10. Devshirme system- a kind of slavery
Janissaries- Christian families had to turn over young sons to empire
Converted to Islam
Trained and served in armies
Results in loyal corps of troops and administrators among Ottoman Christians

12. Ottoman Empire Deteriorates
Falls behind European technology and remains dependent on agriculture
By 1720’s the Ottoman elite are so removed from problems in society that they spend all their time growing expensive tulips
Extraterritoriality: being exempt from the laws of the country in which you live

13. Safavid Empire 1500s- Strong empire in present-day Iran (Persia)
In between Ottomans and Mughals
Safavids are staunch Shiites mixed with Sufi influence, while the Ottomans are Suni= conflict
Capital at Isfahan
Center of silk, trade and culture
Centrally located- Significance? Land-based empire
Almost all citizens were farmers and herders (could not modernize economy)
Eventually, Shah’s govt. lacks support
Conquered by Afghans who move capital to Tehran

16. Russia Mongols rule Russia with the help of local princes
Russia defeats Sweden, Poland, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mongols in order to expand
Kievan Russia closely linked to Byzantine Empire
Mongol rule isolates Russia so not influenced by Renaissance and Reformation
Russia reacts to Mongol rule by expanding and establishing absolute rule
As Russia expands, so does serfdom- serfs produced goods for local economy (Russia is agricultural and dependant on trade) Serfdom in Russia ends around What similar system ends around that time?

17. 1480 - Ivan III “the Great” refuses to pay tribute to the Mongols
Declares himself “Tsar” (Czar)
Saw Russia as the inheritors of the Roman empire after the Byzantines
Ivan the IV “Ivan the Terrible”
Centralizes power (Absolute ruler)
Boyers (nobility) resist
Ivan has the rebels brutally killed
When Ivan dies, the boyers make Mikhail Romanov the new Tsar- leads to Romanov dynasty

18. Peter the Great – 1682-1724 Goal is westernization
Symbol is the new capital at St. Petersburg
Gives Russia a port on the Baltic sea
Beard shaving
Women’s freedom: 4 czarinas, women could appear in public; end of “whip” tradition; westernization of dress and permission of education

19. Catherine the Great- 1762-1796 “Enlightened despot”
Marries Peter the Great’s grandson
Coup
Absolute ruler- continues to expand Russia
Allies with nobles (gave control of peasants) to help her accomplish her goals
Lack of real reforms for serfs leads to social unrest in early modern Russia

21. Japan Self-imposed isolation- did not want contact with Europeans
Civil war- 1500s- landowning Daimyo compete for power- Hideyoshi tries to expand
Japan opposed Christianity as a disruptive influence
Samurai influence declines as govt. centralizes
Feudal system- similar to Europe, but not reciprocal

22. Japan cont.
1603- Tokugawa Ieyasu establishes Tokugawa Shogunate, capital at Edo (Tokyo)
Foster economic growth
More centralized – Lords forced to live at capital
Edict forbidding practice of Christianity in 1614
Expel all foreigners except Dutch in 1630s
Samurai continue to lose influence, although their values remain
Tokugawa Shogunate ends- 1868

24. China Population decreases under Mongol rule- why?
Ming respond to Mongol rule: return to Confucianism (Neoconfucianism); restrict rights of women; isolationism
Christians (Jesuits)- Chinese wanted knowledge of European technology- elites accept Christianity as long as Christians acknowledge ancestor worship
During this period tons of precious metals, especially silver, flow into China. Exchanged for Chinese goods

25. ROUTES AND MAJOR PRODUCTS EXCHANGED IN THE ASIAN TRADING NETWORK, C

26. Fall of the Ming Climate change- affects crops Disease epidemics
Mongol raids
Labor unrest

27. Qing Dynasty
After the Ming fall, in 1644, the Qing (Manchu) dynasty invade from Manchuria and gain control. They are China’s last dynasty!
They too embraced neoconfucianism
They restricted European traders to enclaves in the area around Canton in South East China. In the beginning, European traders had little influence in mainstream China…they were seen as providing few real benefits…this changes toward the end of the 19th century

28. Manchuria

29. Misc.
Islam reaches a fork in the road- piety or rationalism? Piety wins out- significance?
Role of Muslim empires like Abbasids in trade falls by the wayside until western European countries regain it
Japan and Russia- Japan has limited long-distance trade; Russia is completely shut out
Laborers- had tough lives in all parts of world (not free)