1. Gunpowder Empires

2. Land Based Power Europe’s empires built on sea power
Asian empires land-based power around might of gunpowder
Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals, Ming and Qing, and Russia
Finally able to conquer nomad groups

3. Muslim Empires Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal
Emerged from central steppe nomads
All had Absolute monarchs who modeled their courts after early Islamic empires

5. Ottoman Empire Modern day Turkey 1st people to use cannons offensively
Large army of mounted and foot soldiers, Powerful navy
Sultan with large bureaucracy, top official was “grand vizier”
Suleiman the Magnificent most famous ruler
Much trade, due to location
Mostly Sunni, but diversity of people and religions
More equality for women
Constantinople, highly sophisticated capital
Suleiman

6. Safavid Empire East of Ottoman, modern Iran
Belief that “Hidden Imam” descendant of Ali would return to rule
Ruler “stand-in” until then
Strong army with firearms
Little trade
Patriarchal
Mostly Shi’ite, forced conversion in 16th Century by Ismail

7. Mughal Empire Modern day Pakistan, Afghanistan, and N. India
Strong military
Muslim rulers with centralized power
Muslim authority over rebellious Hindu Pop.
Akbar most famous ruler, tried to reconcile faiths
Limited trade
Land grant system based on military service
New faith: Sikhism; blend of Islam and Hinduism

8. Decline of Muslim Empires
Inadequate transportation and communication: larger empires grew, harder they were to control
Unruly warrior elites, inadequate bureaucracies: Military knew they were important, so often acted apart from the gov’t
Rise of European rivals: European countries smaller so mobilization of human and natural resources easier, also closeness led to more competition so they were spurred to new technologies and reforms

9. Russia Little contact with rest of Europe Greek Orthodox
1480 Ivan III (the Great) ousted the last of the Mongols
Russia was left weak, but expanded under Ivan III and Ivan IV (the terrible)
Expanded to Poland and across Siberia
Pioneers called Cossacks sent to new territories, taking land
Ivan IV died with no heir, so Romanovs took over in 1613 (until 1917)
Russian nobles, Boyars, selected the new Tsar, Mikhail

10. Peter the Great r
Went to western Europe to gain aid against Turks, became fascinated with Western European technology & science
Fought with Sweden for a port on the Baltic
Rebuilt his capital at St. Petersburg
Boyars had to shave and adopt Western dress
Brought French ballet to Russia and allowed elite women to public events
Stayed Absolute Monarch (did not adopt Enlightenment ideas)
Continued serfdom (virtual slavery) and controlled subjects through a secret police
Peter’s Palace in Moscow

11. Expansion of Peter the Great

12. Ming and Qing China
Ming , replaced Yuan, brought peace and stability
China mostly closed to foreigners
Scholar-gentry and civil-service exams returned
Junks – Zheng He, to show off wealth and power of Middle Kingdom
Pirates kept them out of the ocean
Repaired Great Wall and Canals
Jesuits sent to Convert, allowed to remain because they knew science and technology
Europeans restricted to coast
Emperor lived in Forbidden City, eventually became too involved in pleasure, overthrown

13. Qing Dynasty 1644 - 1911 Known as Manchus, conquered from the North
Doubled the size of China
Traded with Russia
Population began to grow due to new crops: Sweet and white potatoes, Maize, peanuts
Last Dynasty (yay! You know them all!!)
“Grrr.”

14. Expansion under Qing

15. Tokugawa Shogunate
Jesuits converted over 300,000, Japan felt must consolidate under a powerful shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu
1606 Christianity outlawed, executed
Japanese forbidden to travel overseas
Europeans not allowed in (except Dutch)
Guns virtually banned
Agriculture flourished
Power in hands of Samurai class
Capital at Edo, now Tokyo

16. Under Tokugawa
To maintain control, Daimyos had to go to Edo every other year (this meant the Tokugawa had direct control over 50% always)
Needed permission to marry or build
Class structure (4 classes)
Samurai (with Daimyo) – sword and topknot
Farmers – made food
Artisans – made stuff
Merchants – lowest, made nothing

17. Reconquista
Mid 15th Century Spain united with Marriage of Fernando of Aragon and Isabel of Castile
This led to three important things:
Reconquista (Reconquest) of former Muslim territory
Expulsion of Jews, led to severe economic problems because they were educated and skilled
Voyage of Columbus

18. Vocabulary Boyars Cossacks Manchus Jesuits Janissaries Reconquista
Mughal Empire
Tokugawa Shogunate
mercantilism