1. Unit 14 Physiological disorders
Introduction and LA A
Unit 14 Physiological disorders

2. Assignment 1: Physiological disorders-investigations, treatment and care
Learning Aim A: Types of physiological disorders and effects on body systems and functions
Causes of physiological disorders
Signs and symptoms of physiological disorders
Learning Aim C: Provision of treatment and support
Types of carers and care settings
Learning Aim B: Investigative procedures for physiological disorders
Diagnostic procedures for physiological disorders

4. Unit 14: Physiological disorders
Learning Aim A
A1 Types of physiological disorders and effects on body systems and functions
A2 Causes of physiological disorders
A3 Signs and symptoms of physiological disorders

5. What is a Physiological Disorder? Complete the missing word activity!
It is an i_______ that interferes with the way that the f________ of the body are carried out. As a result of the incorrect functioning, certain e______ will be seen in the b_____. This could be down to several r________. For example, there may be too little or too much of a substance in the body, d__________ of certain cell types or blockages of p___________.
Illness functions effect
Body reasons
deterioration pathways

6. Types of Physiological Disorders
Identify some examples of physiological disorders:

7. What is a Physiological Disorder? Did you get them right?
It is an illness that interferes with the way that the functions of the body are carried out. As a result of the incorrect functioning, certain effects will be seen in the body.
This could be down to several reasons. For example, there may be too little or too much of a substance in the body, deterioration of certain cell types or blockages of pathways.

8. Physiological disorders
The types of physiological disorders that affect body system functioning include:
Endocrine system disorders, e.g. type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Nervous system disorders, e.g. Parkinson’s disease
Musculoskeletal system disorders, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis
Respiratory system disorders, e.g. asthma
Circulatory system disorders, e.g. coronary heart disease
Digestive system disorders, e.g. Crohn’s disease
Cancer, e.g. bowel, prostate
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9. How do people get these disorders?
Divide them up to group together how people get the disorders that they have
Try to explain how these disorders occur using these guidelines
Lifestyle
Genetics
Deficiency
Infection
Auto-immune diseases

10. Types of Physiological Disorders
Diabetes
Nervous system disorders (Parkinson's/Alzheimer’s)
Musculo-skeletal system disorders (e.g. arthritis/osteoporosis)
Respiratory System Disorders (e.g. asthma)
Circulatory System Disorders (e.g. CHD/Leukaemia/variation of cancers)

11. Causes
Identify causes of physiological disorders:

12. TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS
A physiological disorder is when something in the body fails to function as it should, usually having several effects on the body systems and how they operate.
For example:
Cancer – diseases caused by groups of cells multiplying out of control to form invasive growths and tumours Examples: Breast, lung and bowel
Endocrine system disorders – diseases involving the issues with the glands which secrete hormones into the blood system Examples: diabetes, hypo and hyperthyroidism
Circulatory system disorders – problems involving the heart and blood vessels circulating the body. Examples: Coronary Heart Disease, leukaemia

13. CAUSES P1 What causes of physiological diseases can you think of?
Inherited traits – disorders caused by genetics run in the family e.g. sickle cell anaemia, downs syndrome
Lifestyle choices – choices an individual makes about their life e.g. smoking cigarettes, drug misuse
Diet – disorders caused by the consumption or lack of food. e.g. obesity, dietary deficiency
Environment- disorders caused by external factors, often out of human control. e.g. housing conditions, air pollution

14. Task!- How do these causes link to different types of physiological disorders in service users? Complete the mind maps in your booklets.
Stretch and Challenge! Try to extend your answers by giving reasons for your choices!
You have 15 minutes!

15. Shortness of breath/respiratory problems
Causes
Diabetes
Diet
Shortness of breath/respiratory problems

16. Causes Lifestyle Choices
Stretch and Challenge- can you give reasons for your answers?

17. Causes Inherited Traits
Stretch and Challenge- can you give reasons for your answers?

18. Causes
Environment
Stretch and Challenge- can you give reasons for your answers?

19. Causative factors in physiological disorders
Aetiology is the medical term for the causation of disease or conditions (from the Greek word ‘aitia’ meaning ‘a cause’)
Physiological disorders can be caused by a variety of factors including:
Inherited traits
Lifestyle choices
Diet
Environment
Socio-economic factors.
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20. Causative factors in physiological disorders
Genetics and inherited traits
Chromosomes contain the genes you inherit from your parents.
There are different forms of the same gene – called alleles, and some are more dominant than others. The different forms of genes are caused by mutations (changes) in the DNA code. For example, for the gene that determines eye colour, you may inherit a brown allele from your mother and a blue allele from your father. Then you will have brown eyes because brown is the dominant allele.
The same is true for medical conditions. There may be a faulty version of a gene that results in a medical condition, and a normal version that may not cause health problems.
Examples of physiological conditions that can be caused by an inherited trait include:
Cystic fibrosis
Sickle cell anaemia
Thalassaemia.
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21. Causative factors in physiological disorders
Lifestyle choices
Many physiological disorders can be caused or influenced by lifestyle choices. For example:
Smoking cigarettes – associated with coronary heart disease (through atherosclerosis), lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Alcohol misuse - associated with coronary heart disease, liver disease, breast and bowel cancer.
Unhealthy diet (excess fat, salt and sugar) - associated with type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and coronary heart disease.
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22. Causative factors in physiological disorders
Environmental factors
Many physiological disorders can be caused by or influenced by environmental factors. For example:
Unprotected exposure to UV light (sunlight or sunbeds) – associated with melanoma (skin cancer).
Overcrowded, cold or damp housing conditions – associated with respiratory conditions such as asthma.
Working environment – associated with stress-related conditions, such as anxiety and depression.
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23. Identify Signs and Symptoms of Physiological Disorders
Signs Symptoms

24. Signs and Symptoms
When a diagnosis is made by a doctor; it can be done two ways
When it is based on signs and symptoms it is sometimes called a ‘clinical diagnosis’
If the signs and symptoms could fit more than one disorder- then a ‘differential diagnosis’ is made

25. Signs and symptoms
Physiological disorders are usually identified through signs and symptoms.
Signs are objective indicators of a condition that can be actually observed. For example:
blood in the stools, a skin rash, swelling, high blood pressure.
Symptoms are subjective indicators of a condition that are experienced by the individual. For example:
pain, nausea, blurred vision, anxiety, disorientation.
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26. Signs and Symptoms Rashes Swellings Sweating/body temperature
Observable Signs
Rashes
Swellings
Sweating/body temperature
Weight loss/gain
Changes in skin
Symptoms experienced by the individual
Pain
Disorientation
Vomiting
Changes in bowel habits
Headaches
Pins and needles

27. Genetic inheritance Dominant allele: Definitely get disease
Recessive allele: Possibly get disease
Faulty allele: Susceptible to disease
1) Explain how a person can inherit a genetic physiological disease
2) What is the likelihood of inheriting this disease?
3) What if the disease was on a dominant gene like Huntington's disease?

28. Lifestyle choices Type II diabetes is related to lifestyle choices
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Explain from the video how you think that a person gets type II diabetes
What could be done to reduce the impacts of this?

29. Deficiency Rickets form as a result of vitamin D deficiency
You need vitamin D to absorb calcium to make your bones strong

30. Deficiency
Vitamin D comes from sunlight and food (fish, eggs and fortified breakfast cereal)
It helps the body to absorb the calcium that we get from dairy products and green vegetables
Why do you think that children from Asian, African, Caribbean and Middle Eastern background are most likely to have this?
What impact could rickets have on your daily life?
How would you recommend that this is prevented or treated?

31. Infection
A pathogen that is communicable and uses other living organisms to survive
They are too small to see without a microscope

32. Virus, protozoa, bacteria, fungi?

34. Which is which? What do they show?

35. How do they transmit? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGSh Q
Viral transmission E
Bacterial transmission

36. Auto-immune diseases
Natural immune system (white blood cells) attack infection-bacteria, virus
Auto-immune the white blood cells attack healthy tissue
Addison’s disease is where the immune system attacks the adrenal glands so they cannot work properly
How do you think this can affect an individual?
How do you think that this would be treated?
What impact could this have?

37. Muscle pain or wastage - Auto-immune
Weight loss – CF, Diabetes
How does the body change when it is suffering from other physiological diseases? (Use a disease to analyse
Loss of co-ordination - MS
Blood loss – Haemophilia

38. Why do these changes occur?
Auto-immune disorders attack healthy cells which can be muscles, organs and glands
Cystic Fibrosis sufferers cannot digest food properly due to lack of digesting enzymes in the stomach
Type 1 diabetes sufferers cannot absorb enough sugar to maintain a healthy weight without medication
Muscle pain or wastage
Weight loss
Why do these changes occur?
Loss of co-ordination
Blood loss
Multiple Sclerosis suffers loose control of their body movement due to damage to the myelin sheath that covers the neurons in their brain
Haemophiliac sufferers lack a clotting agent in their blood so are unable to produce scabs if they cut themselves

39. P1
OBSERVABLE SIGNS
A diagnosis is usually made by a doctor, based on signs and symptoms which is called a clinical diagnosis.
Observable Signs are characteristics detectable by another person through observation – such as a doctor, parents or spouse.
For example: a high temperature, swollen glands, rash, swellings and high blood pressure

40. P1
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms are a feature that an individual will feel and have complains of.
For example: Headaches, dizziness, nausea, a cough, pain, disorientation
A few characteristics can be both signs and symptoms such as a lump (doctor may notice and the service user may feel discomfort from it.)

41. MERIT
M1 Analyse the changes in body systems and functions resulting from different types of physiological disorder on service users.

42. Research Task
Choose three different types of physiological disorders from the below list
Research the changes and the effects that the disorder has on the system and functioning of the body
Write your findings up in your booklets and be prepared to feedback your research to the class
Diabetes
Alzheimer's Disease
Asthma
Osteoporosis
Bowel Cancer
Coronary Heart Disease
Prostate Cancer

43. Diabetes mellitus

44. Starter
What is Diabetes?

45. What is Diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the amount of glucose in the blood is too high because the body cannot use it properly.
The amount of glucose in the blood is controlled by two hormones
insulin and glucagon

46. The Pancreas Pancreas contains a cells and b cells
b cells secrete insulin when blood glucose is high
a cells secrete glucagon when blood glucose is low
Insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones

47. Insulin Insulin is vital for life.
It is a hormone produced by the pancreas, that helps the glucose to enter the cells where it is used as fuel by the body.

48. The hormones are produced in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

49. Immunofluorescence staining for;
Insulin (green)
Glucagon (red)
In the islets of Langerhans

50. Why is insulin important?
Glucose is an energy substrate for nearly all cells
Many cells cannot utilise other substrates
Glucose is the only monosaccharide that can get into the brain
There are very little other types of energy reserve

51. There are two main types of diabetes. These are:
Diabetes types
There are two main types of diabetes. These are:
Type 1 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes

52. Glucose Pathway in the body
Adipose (fat)
cells
Glucose uptake
Blood
Glucose
Insulin
Skeletal
Muscle
Pancreatic
b-cells

53. Types of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
(Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus – IDDM)
Type 1 diabetes develops if the body is unable to produce any insulin.
This type of diabetes usually appears before the age of 40 
Type 1 diabetes is the least common of the two main types and accounts for between 5 – 15% of all people with diabetes.

54. Symptoms Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic b- cells
Low blood insulin - little secreted
No glucose uptake
Poor uptake into muscle & fat cells
But uptake into vital tissues normal
High blood glucose - causes damage
Poor glucose utilisation
Weight loss

55. Symptoms Cont. Tend to metabolise fats Insulin helps to store fat
Glucose lost through urine
Thirst and diuresis (hence diabetes)
Begins in childhood
Liver produces acetone, hydroxybutrate and acetoacetate
These make the breath smell of pear drops

56. Hyperglycaemia
When the blood glucose level is too high it is known as hyperglycaemia
Symptoms include tiredness, thirst, dry mouth
Can lead to unconsciousness
Insulin is required to lower the blood sugar

57. Hypoglycaemia
If blood glucose levels fall too low it is known as hypoglycaemia
This can occur if too much insulin is given or you don’t eat enough
Symptoms include shaking, dizziness, confusion, blurred vision
Often can lead to irrational drunken like behaviour
Sugary foods such as dextrose tablets or fruit juice followed by starchy foods will bring the glucose level back to normal

58. Treatment of diabetes 1 Injection of insulin
Control of diet and exercise

59. Diabetes Type 2 (Non Insulin Dependant Diabetes Mellitus -NIDDM)
Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can still make some insulin, but not enough
or when the insulin that is produced does not work properly (known as insulin resistance).
In most cases this is linked with being overweight.

60. Diabetes Type 2
This type of diabetes usually appears in people over the age of 40.
However, recently, more children are being diagnosed with the condition, some as young as seven.
Type 2 diabetes is the most common of the two main types and accounts for between % of all people with diabetes.

62. Symptoms
Increased thirst Going to the loo all the time – especially at night Extreme tiredness Weight loss Blurred vision Genital itching or regular episodes of thrush Slow healing of wounds

63. Type 2 Diabetes Treatment of non-insulin dependent diabetes (type 2).
Insulin is normally not effective (already high), so:
Diet - low glucose, low fat (not saturated lipids) and exercise are required to control blood glucose
A meter is used to measure blood glucose

64. Development of symptoms
In Type 1 diabetes the signs and symptoms will usually be very obvious, developing quickly, usually over a few weeks.
In people with Type 2 diabetes the signs and symptoms will not be so obvious or even non-existent in people with Type 2 diabetes.

65. Independent work
Describe what happens to the body when you have diabetes.
You can use type 1 or type 2
Please do not copy and paste. Write everything in your own words.
Save this work for use in your assignment.
You must show your work to me before you leave.

66. BODY SYSTEM AND FUNCTIONS
This simply refers to the initial physical change that happens to the body's system and how it changes the function of the body and its organs.
For example: “Healthy cells in the body go through stages that eventually change them to abnormal cells that multiply out of control.”
For example: “The pancreatic cells fail to produce enough insulin for the bodies needs”
For example: “A build up of fatty deposits and cholesterol build up in the arteries, slowing blocking the flow of blood.

67. Distinction D1 Evaluate the impact of physiological disorders on the health and wellbeing of service users.

68. Think about……..
How illnesses can affect the following aspects of life:
Physical
Mental
Social
Emotional
Look at some case studies and find out how service users who are ill are affected by these things on a daily basis. Look for the following:
Are they anxious/ frightened/angry/frustrated?
Do they have good/bad days?
How are they at carrying out day-to-day chores and tasks?
Do they see their friends regularly?

69. EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF A DISORDER
When evaluating the effects of a disorder on the body, you must consider a person holistically, looking at their PIES. Considering both the positives and negatives.
Physical – the impacts on the actually body such as pain, lumps, itching, loss of appetite, feeling weak.
Intellectual – learning new skills in coping with the disease, lack of concentration, time out of work.
Emotional – depression, euphoria, pain threshold, anger, hope, frustration.
Social – social exclusion, counselling, closer relationships, new relationships with others going through the same.

70. Case Study- Josie
Josie is 18 years of age and is a keen net ball player but suffers from asthma. She has commitments to a team that she plays for nationally but recently has found it difficult to attend training sessions due to her increasingly bad health. Her training sessions are held indoors in the winter and outdoors in the summer. Josie is worried about her situation and she has an important up-coming tournament.
Evaluate the impact of asthma on her health and well-being.