Electronic Warfare (EW) for New Officers

Electronic Warfare (EW) for New Officers
This 50 minute lesson will provide you with an overview of Electronic Warfare (EW) in the Army. This lesson is intended specifically for newly-commissioned Army LTs and attendees at WOBC from all branches and is intended to be taught in the Common Core of BOLC B and WOBC.

Course Overview The purpose of the Electronic Warfare (EW) for New Officers is to enhance the newly-commissioned officer’s knowledge of the basics of Electronic Warfare (EW) in Full Spectrum Operations. The following areas will be addressed: EW Guidance and Definitions EW Fundamentals Integrating EW on the Staff EW Systems and Capabilities

Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Explain the definitions, fundamentals, divisions, systems, and capabilities of Electronic Warfare (EW). Conditions: In a classroom environment, given an overview of the definitions, fundamentals, divisions, systems and capabilities of EW. Standards: Explained the definitions, fundamentals, divisions, systems, and capabilities of EW.

EW Topics Guidance from Senior Army Leadership
Why Do We Need to Understand EW? What is the Purpose of Electronic Warfare? Definitions of Electronic Warfare Electronic Warfare Fundamentals Integrating Electronic Warfare on the Staff Electronic Warfare Systems and Capabilities Putting Together the EW Picture Assessment

Initial Guidance “(U) I concur that EW becomes an Army core competency as soon as possible. We must execute now. Soldiers must be trained at all ranks and at different tiers in EW skills.” “Therefore, effective immediately, Army Commanders at all echelons will assume responsibility for Army EW missions and personnel.” 6 Sep 2007 GEN Cody, (former) VCSA Memo to CDR, MNC-I Why did Gen Cody issue this message? 2005 Timeframe, only 12 people in theater to handle EW. RFF 611: Army needed assistance from Navy and AF Gen. Chiarelli Memo stating Army needs to build a corps competency VCSA issued order to Train Army EWOs 1980s US military realized need and challenge to control/dominate EW terrain. Army had EW capability and personnel. Post cold war, $$ and lack of perceived threat dropped EW from core competencies. Dominance of Spectrum once again challenged by China and other countries as COTS and readily accessible electronic systems began to proliferate. Hybrid threat can easily take advantage of these systems Army realized need to bring back EW as core competency. 5

VCSA Assessment of Army EW
“Viewed by its sister services as the less brainy branch of the armed forces, the Army over recent years had neglected to maintain its own ability to fight electronic warfare, relying instead on the expertise of the Air Force and the Navy. But the ground wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have introduced deadly new threats and proved how that lack of attention to electronic warfare has put soldiers directly at risk.” 8 March 2009 NY Times GEN Peter J. Chiarelli VCSA 6 6

JP 3-13.1, Electronic Warfare, January 2007
Why Do We Need to Understand EW? Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic (EMS) spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment (EME). The recognized need for military forces to have unimpeded access to and use of the EME creates vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare (EW) in support of military operations. JP , Electronic Warfare, January 2007

What is the Purpose of EW?
The purpose of EW is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EM spectrum and ensure friendly unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems. EW is employed to support military operations involving various levels of detection, denial, deception, disruption, degradation, protection, and destruction. Note: The threat is highly adaptive and resourceful! He is getting more and more technically sophisticated. JP , Electronic Warfare, January 2007

What is the Purpose of EW?
The electromagnetic spectrum has been used for commercial and military applications for over a century. However, the full potential for its use as the primary enabler of military operations is not yet fully appreciated. New technologies are expanding beyond the traditional radio frequency spectrum. They include high-power microwaves and directed-energy weapons. These new technologies are part of an electronic warfare (EW) revolution by military forces. Just as friendly forces leverage the electromagnetic spectrum to their advantage, so do capable enemies use the electromagnetic spectrum to threaten friendly force operations. The threat is compounded by the growth of a wireless world and the increasingly sophisticated use of commercial off-the-shelf technologies. Note: The electromagnetic spectrum is neither BLUE nor RED. It can be used by friendly or enemy forces – it matters who dominates the spectrum FIRST. Adversaries and enemies, from small and single actors to large state, multinational, and non-state actors, use the most modern technology. Most military and commercial operations rely on electromagnetic technologies and are susceptible to the inherent vulnerabilities associated with their use. This reliance requires Army forces to dominate the electromagnetic spectrum (within their operational environment) with the same authority that they dominate traditional land warfare operations. Emerging electromagnetic technologies offer expanded EW capabilities. They dynamically affect the electromagnetic spectrum through delivery and integration with other types of emerging weapons and capabilities. Examples are directed-energy weapons, high-powered microwaves, lasers, infrared, and electro-optical and wireless networks and devices. (FM 3-36) FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009
Definition of EW Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Electronic warfare consists of three divisions: electronic attack, electronic protection, and electronic warfare support. FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Electronic Warfare (EW)
Divisions of EW Electronic Warfare (EW) Electronic Warfare Support (ES) Electronic Attack (EA) Electronic Protection (EP) Direction Finding Threat Warning Collection Supporting EW Destructive Directed Energy Non-Destructive EW Jamming EM Deception Comms Herding Protect From Friendly EW Protect From Enemy EW Frequency Deconfliction Spectrum Control

EW Divisions Electronic Attack Electronic Attack (EA) is that division of electronic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires. EA includes— Actions taken to prevent or reduce an enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as jamming and electromagnetic deception Employment of weapons that use either electromagnetic or directed energy as their primary destructive mechanism (lasers, radio frequency weapons, particle beams) Offensive and defensive activities including countermeasures Note: Common types of electronic attack include spot, barrage, and sweep electromagnetic jamming. Electronic attack actions also include various electromagnetic deception techniques such as false target or duplicate target generation. Examples of offensive electronic attack include— 􀁺 Jamming enemy radar or electronic command and control systems. 􀁺 Using antiradiation missiles to suppress enemy air defenses (antiradiation weapons use radiated energy emitted from the target as their mechanism for guidance onto targeted emitters). 􀁺 Using electronic deception techniques to confuse enemy intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems. 􀁺 Using directed-energy weapons to disable an enemy’s equipment or capability. *Directed energy is an umbrella term covering technologies that relate to the production of a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles. A directed-energy weapon uses directed energy primarily as a direct means to damage or destroy an enemy’s equipment, facilities, and personnel. In addition to destructive effects, directed-energy weapon systems support area denial and crowd control. Defensive electronic attack uses the electromagnetic spectrum to protect personnel, facilities, capabilities, and equipment. Examples include self-protection and other protection measures such as use of expendables (flares and active decoys), jammers, towed decoys, directed-energy infrared countermeasure systems, and counter-radio-controlled improvised-explosive-device systems. (FM 3-36) FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

EW Divisions Electronic Attack
Electronic Attack (EA) can be offensive or defensive (self protection EA). Examples of Offensive EA: Jamming Early Warning Radars False Targets on Enemy Radars Directed Energy Weapons (Laser/ADS) HARM Missiles Examples of Defensive EA: Radar Reflectors Decoys Chaff Stealth CREW

Electronic Protection
EW Divisions Electronic Protection Electronic Protection (EP) is that division of electronic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. To protect friendly combat capabilities, units: Ensure that electronic system capabilities are safeguarded during exercises, and predeployment training. (“War reserve” mode not used) Coordinate and deconflict electromagnetic spectrum usage Provide training during routine home station planning and training activities on appropriate electronic protection active and passive measures Take appropriate actions to minimize the vulnerability of friendly receivers to enemy jamming Use frequency hopping radios to negate enemy comms jamming Note: Electronic protection includes actions taken to ensure friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as frequency agility in a radio, or variable pulse repetition frequency in radar. Electronic protection should not be confused with self-protection. Both defensive electronic attack and electronic protection protect personnel, facilities, capabilities, and equipment. However, electronic protection protects from the effects of electronic attack (friendly and enemy), while defensive electronic attack primarily protects against lethal attacks by denying enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum to guide or trigger weapons. During operations, electronic protection includes, but is not limited to, the application of training and procedures for countering enemy electronic attack. Army commanders and forces understand the threat and vulnerability of friendly electronic equipment to enemy electronic attack and take appropriate actions to safeguard friendly combat capability from exploitation and attack. Electronic protection measures minimize the enemy’s ability to conduct electronic warfare support and electronic attack operations successfully against friendly forces. Electronic protection also includes spectrum management. The spectrum manager works for the G-6 or S-6 and plays a key role in the coordination and deconfliction of spectrum resources allocated to the force. Spectrum managers or their direct representatives participate in the planning for EW operations. The development and acquisition of communications and electronic systems includes electronic protection requirements to clarify performance parameters. Army forces design their equipment to limit inherent vulnerabilities. If electronic attack vulnerabilities are detected, then units must review these programs. (FM 3-36) FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Electronic Protection
EW Divisions Electronic Protection Electronic Protection is important to protect and maintain our use of EM spectrum against: Collection operations Direction Finding (DF) operations Jamming operations Deception operations Viruses, Worms, Phishing, Denial of Service The goal of EP is to make enemy EA activities less successful and to degrade the enemy’s intelligence gathering capabilities.

Electronic Warfare Support
EW Divisions Electronic Warfare Support Electronic Warfare Support (ES) is that division of electronic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition, targeting, planning and conduct of future operations. Electronic Warfare Support provides information required for immediate decisions (<72 hrs) involving electronic warfare operations and other tactical actions such as threat avoidance, targeting, and homing. Note: Electronic warfare support systems are a source of information for immediate decisions involving electronic attack, electronic protection, avoidance, targeting, and other tactical employments of forces. Electronic warfare support systems collect data and produce information or intelligence to— 􀁺 Corroborate other sources of information or intelligence. 􀁺 Conduct or direct electronic attack operations. 􀁺 Initiate self-protection measures. 􀁺 Task weapon systems. 􀁺 Support electronic protection efforts. 􀁺 Create or update EW databases. 􀁺 Support information tasks. FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Electronic Warfare Support
EW Divisions Electronic Warfare Support Electronic Warfare Support: Involves electronic reconnaissance and uses many of the same resources the intelligence community utilized for SIGINT(signals intelligence). The two differ in the detected information’s intended use, the degree of analytical effort expended, the detail of information provided, and timeframe. Electronic Warfare Support has two categories: Combat Direction Finding is a procedure for obtaining bearings of radio frequency emitters by using a highly directional antenna and a display unit on an intercept receiver or ancillary equipment. Combat Threat Warning is the urgent communication and acknowledgement of time-critical spectrum information for the preservation of life and/or vital resources. Note: Electronic warfare support and signals intelligence missions use the same resources. The two differ in the detected information’s intended use, the degree of analytical effort expended, the detail of information provided, and the time lines required. Like tactical signals intelligence, electronic warfare support missions respond to the immediate requirements of a tactical commander. Signals intelligence above the tactical level is under the operational control of the National Security Agency and directly supports the overarching national security mission. Resources that collect tactical-level electronic warfare support data can simultaneously collect national-level signals intelligence. (FM 3-36) Direction finding uses timing of signal interception on multiple antennas to determine direction of transmitting antenna in reference to magnetic North. Combat Direction Finding – uses passive systems (receivers) to locate (usually) hostile emitters. Could also be used to locate friendly emitters. By locate, we usually mean geolocate – where on the planet is this emitter? Combat Threat Warning: as near-real-time as possible; relevant to the situation on the ground.

EW Fundamentals Frequency Power Antenna EW Line of Sight

EW Fundamentals Frequency
A radio wave is an electromagnetic wave propagated by an antenna. Radio waves have different frequencies, and by tuning a radio receiver to a specific frequency you can pick up a specific signal. A frequency range or frequency band is a range of wave frequencies. It most often refers to either a range of frequencies in sound or a range of frequencies in electromagnetic radiation, which includes light and radio waves. Every wireless technology you can imagine has its own little frequency band. There are hundreds of them! Note: Most radios are single-purpose radios. An AM radio can listen to any AM radio station in the frequency band from 535 kilohertz to 1.7 megahertz, but nothing else. An FM radio can listen to any FM radio station in the band from 88 to 108 megahertz and nothing else. A CB radio can listen to the 40 channels devoted to citizens band radio and nothing else. Scanners are radio receivers that have extremely wide frequency ranges so you can listen to all kinds of radio signals. Typically, scanners are used to tune in to police, fire and emergency radio in the local area but you can use a scanner to listen to all kinds of conversations. Generally, you will either: Set a scanner up to scan a whole range of frequencies and then stop scanning when it detects a signal on any of the frequencies it is scanning - If you're interested in learning what the police are doing, you can scan the police radio frequencies in your local area. When a patrol car calls in to report a problem, the scanner will stop on that frequency and let you hear the conversation. Set a scanner to a specific frequency and listen to that channel - For example, say you want to listen to the transmissions between the control tower and airplanes at the local airport -- you can do this by listening to the specific frequency used at the airport. Because a scanner can receive a huge range of frequencies, you can set it to receive nearly anything on the air. In order to use a scanner, you need to have good frequency tables so you know where the action is.

EW Fundamentals Frequency 4 cycles / 1 sec F = 4 Hz 1 second
The higher the frequency, the more cycles per second Reminder: In order for EW to be effective, you must be able to operate on the same frequencies as your enemy 1 second 4 cycles / 1 sec F = 4 Hz 1 Megahertz = 1,000,000 hertz

The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Friendly and Enemy Use of the Same Spectrum AIR/GND/AIR UHF TACSAT Army LOS Dragon Eye, Raven, Pointer FPASS SINCGARS FM C2 Pointer GCS Handheld Radios FRS/GRMS Intra team C2 EPLRS RFID Mako, Pioneer HF 2 MHZ UHF 300 MHz 3 GHz ATC NAVAIDS JTIDS Scan Eagle C2 & telemetry Army/USMC LOS WPNS CTRL Blue Force Tracking Anti Mortar Radars UAV Video Links Wireless LAN Security Cameras EOD Robots Shadow C2 Scan Eagle Video Handheld RC Toy Control Pagers Cordless Phones Car Alarms Long Range Cordless Phones Long Range Cordless Phones Garage Door Openers PMR Cell Phones SHF VHF 30MHz Satellite Telephones Cell Phone Note: What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum? It is the range of frequencies that stretch from audible sound around 3KHz to a current upper limit of 300 GHZ. The upper limit exists only because that is the current limit where technology takes us. At the lower end, there exists a cross-over between several military functions; Sonar and VLF Radio Frequency communications for example. Long range sonar systems currently in use in the Fleet operate at 3 - 5Khz; short range systems operate at around 14Khz. Torpedo seekers operate at around 30Khz. Note this trend - the higher the frequency, the shorter the effective range of the transmission. To get greater range out of higher frequencies, more output power must be applied. As the frequencies increase, the associated wavelengths of the signals decrease in size. A Sonar signal may have a wavelength of 50 to 100km - that is one single pulse stretches for that distance. A surface to air missile fire control radar may have a wavelength that is on the order of 5 centimeters - that is a single pulse stretches across 5 cm! The significance is that a SAM FC radar can have more pulses per second (faster reaction time, higher resolution on the return signal), than a long range Sonar. The chart gives you an example of common objects and the frequencies they work at.

EW Fundamentals Power In order to overcome a transmitter, you need enough power applied through the antenna to the receiver in order to JAM the transmitter. Friendly Measures: Increase power Get closer to the device Force the enemy further away Bottom line: seek to achieve a 3:1 signal strength advantage Enemy Measures: Shield receiver antenna; directional focus Tx Jammer Rx IED Remember, you must jam the receiver, not the transmitter. TX == Transmitter RX = Receiver

EW Fundamentals Antenna
The antenna is the physical component of the transmitter that broadcasts the radio frequency. The antenna enables the receiver to collect broadcasted signals. Note: Do not obstruct the antenna in any way!

EW Fundamentals Line of Sight
Line of Sight depends on the antenna’s ability to “see” the receiver Radio LOS does not necessarily refer to physical sight Objects that may obstruct and degrade signals: Trees (heavy foliage) Weather (storms, lightning) Mountains or hills (rough terrain) Buildings and other structures Power lines (electromagnetic fields) Metallic surfaces Note: Line-of-sight is the direct propagation of radio waves between antennas that are visible to each other. This is probably the most common of the radio propagation modes at VHF and higher frequencies. Because radio signals can travel through many non-metallic objects, radio can be picked up through walls. This is still line-of-sight propagation. Examples would include propagation between a satellite and a ground antenna or reception of television signals from a local TV transmitter.

EW Fundamentals Frequency Power Antenna Line of Sight
You need to have all four components in order to affect the electromagnetic spectrum: Frequency Power Antenna Line of Sight

-Friendly Signal Deconfliction (Compatibility)
Integrating EW EWWG S3 -Trends & Initiatives Optimize EW assets CREW Training Interoperability - CREW SOPs EWWG S3 WIT CEXC CEXC WIT S4 TTP’s Situational Awareness Post Blast Analysis S4 - Fielding - Load Sets - Operational EWO S6 FSR FSR S6 EOD - Install - Updates - Proper Functioning What we are talking about here is EW total force integration at every echelon in order to fully develop the EW Battlespace. Understanding the threat thru working with intel and CEXC, Working closely with EOD and WIT – This is the basis of the C-IED fusion cell (at all echelons) Understanding the FSR requirements for installs, updates, and the proper functioning of the equipment As important, ensuring the unit personnel understand the tactical employment of the systems Maintaining SA on equipment status and the supply system and finally EW coordination up and down echelon as part of the total force EW structure. This can be a BN perspective, a BDE perspective, or DIV or Corps -Friendly Signal Deconfliction (Compatibility) S2 S2 EOD -Intel Reports -Collection -Deconfliction - Threat TTP’s - RCIED Data 26

Integrating EW Army EW provides the land force commander capabilities to support full spectrum operations (offensive, defensive, and stability or civil support operations). EW supports full spectrum operations by applying EW capabilities to detect, deny, deceive, disrupt, or degrade and destroy enemy combat capability and by controlling and protecting friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. These capabilities—when applied across the warfighting functions—enable commanders to address a broad set of electromagnetic-spectrum-related targets to gain and maintain an advantage within the electromagnetic spectrum. Note: Leadership initiates the conditions for success. Commanders balance the ability to mass the effects of lethal and nonlethal systems with the requirements to deploy and sustain the units that employ those systems. Generating and maintaining combat power throughout an operation is essential. Today’s operational environments require leaders who are competent, confident, and informed in using and protecting combat capabilities that operate within the electromagnetic spectrum. Commanders plan, prepare, execute, and assess EW operations to dominate the electromagnetic spectrum within their operational environment. To accomplish this domination, commanders effectively apply and integrate EW operations across the warfighting functions. (FM 3-36) FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Integrating EW To meet current and future requirements, command and control of EW is built around the concept of EW working groups (EWWG). A working group is a temporary grouping of predetermined staff representatives who meet to coordinate and provide recommendations for a particular purpose or function Note: Normally, EW working groups do not add additional structure to an existing organization. Note: Operational challenges across the electromagnetic spectrum are expanding rapidly. As Army EW capabilities expand to meet these challenges, the organizational design required to coordinate, synchronize, integrate, and deconflict these capabilities must transform as rapidly. FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Division Electronic Warfare Working Group
Integrating EW Division Electronic Warfare Working Group FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Integrating EW The Mission of the EWO The EW Officer (EWO) is the principal EW planner and integrator on the staff. The EWO develops the EW portion of operation plans (OPLANs), concept plans, and operation orders; monitors EW operations and activities; and coordinates EW training and exercises. FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Integrating EW The Mission of the EWO EWO Responsibilities: Serves as the Commander’s advisor on all EW matters Leads the EWWG / Participates in higher level EWWGs Plans, coordinates, synchronizes, and assesses EW offensive, defensive and support requirements Integrates EW OB into IPB and MDMP Plans, coordinates, synchronizes, assesses, and implements friendly Electronic Security measures Recommends Priorities for EW effects and targets Plans, coordinates, synchronizes, and de-conflicts EW tasks in support of Full Spectrum Operations Maintains current assessment of EW resources available Participates in Targeting and IO related cells Serves as EW SME and monitors current operations When designated, serves as the Jamming Control Authority (JCA) Provides input to FRAGOs for EW tasks in support of Full Spectrum Operations FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

The EWO at Brigade-Level
Integrating EW The EWO at Brigade-Level The brigade EW officer works as part of the brigade combat team staff. In this position, the EW officer synchronizes, integrates, and deconflicts brigade combat team EW actions with the EW working group at division level. Although EW falls under the control of the S-3, EW officers are fully immersed in fires targeting and planning to ensure proper use and coordination of EW. At the brigade level, the EW officer heads the EW working group and is accountable to the S-3 for integrating EW requirements. Additional staff representation within EW working groups at the brigade combat team level may include the fire support coordinator, EW targeting technician, S-2, S-6, spectrum manager, S-7, and liaison officers as required. Although EW falls under the control of the S-3, EW officers are fully immersed in fires targeting and planning to ensure proper use and coordination of EW. FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

The EWO at Battalion-Level
Integrating EW The EWO at Battalion-Level At the battalion level, the EW noncommissioned officer leads the EW working group and is accountable to the S-3 for integrating EW requirements. The battalion EW working group coordinates battalion EW operations with the brigade combat team EW working group. Additional staff representation within EW working groups at the battalion level may include the S-2, S-6, fire support officer, and a joint terminal attack controller when assigned. FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

The CREW Master Gunner at Company-Level
Integrating EW The CREW Master Gunner at Company-Level There is a requirement for two CREW Master Gunners at the company level. The CREW Master Gunner’s responsibilities are: Advise Company Commander on the employment of EW equipment Coordinate with higher headquarters EW working groups Track EW equipment status Advise Company Commander on CREW system employment Track CREW equipment status Assist operators in the use and maintenance of CREW equipment Operate CREW systems Assess the effectiveness of CREW for Company operations Identify Improvised Explosive Devices Conduct Convoy for RC-IED Survivability There is no EWO at Company level. EW is integrated by the CREW Master Gunner. FM 3-36, Electronic Warfare in Operations, February 2009

Systems and Capabilities
Electronic Warfare Systems and Capabilities Note: During this next phase, we will introduce you to some of the EW systems in use by Land Component forces (US Army, Marines, and Coalition partners). You may encounter some of these systems in theater.

Ground Systems US Army: Prophet Advanced SIGNALS Intelligence (SIGINT)
Collection and Direction Finding (DF) System. SIGINT system also found at Division level. Two (2) per HBCT, three (3) per SBCT and ACR System consists of: Environmentally controlled armored M1165A1 B(3) HMMWV AN/PRD-13 V(2) Manpack

Ground Systems US Marine Corps: MEWSS Data collection
Two way communications Data collection Locating and positioning of enemy forces Jamming and intercepting enemy communications Automated DF and EA Note: New, less cumbersome antenna MEWSS – Mobile EW Support System Similar to Army PROPHET Found in Radio Battalions (RadBn) Used for Tactical SIGINT/EW collection Note smaller antenna configuration compared to the original version. What type of EW does this vehicle provide? (ES, EA)

CREW Systems Warlock Systems Duke CVRJ Jukebox MMBJ 2.1 THOR III
Active / Reactive System / High & Low Power Threats Duke CVRJ Active / Reactive System / High & Low Power Threats Jukebox Active System / High Power Threats Active System / Some High & Most Low Power Threats MMBJ 2.1 Active / Reactive System / High & Low Power Threats THOR III Active System / Some High / Some Low D-CREW Chameleon Active System / High & Low Power Threats Active System / High & Low Power Threats Symphony Note: This is an overview of CREW; CREW training will go into more detail on each. Duke V2&3: Most common Army CREW systems. 1 system for every vehicle is the standard. Jukebox Developed for use with the Duke V2 Operates on 24 Volts DC Utilizes an RCU Cannot be Zeroized Capabilities Active Jamming System Specific High Power Threat Jammer Can become compatible with the Duke by use of a blanking cable CVRJ: Becoming the U.S. Military standard issue CREW system. MMBJ: Initially SOCOM’s jammer. Common system in OEF. D-CREW: Manpack system weighing (with batteries) 31 lbs. It requires 3 systems to work together is be effective. Thor III: CREW 3.1, replacement for D-CREW. 3 Man-pack system for full spectrum coverage. 25 lbs per system. Chameleon: USMC system. EWO MUST coordinate with USMC EWO to deconflict Duke & Chameleon. Symphony: The Symphony is provided to US Allies in theater. If it is reversed engineered it will not jeopardize our own systems. Since it is not used by US units, its presence indicates a Coalition unit is in the vicinity. *Explain the difference between Active & Reactive systems. Active is barrage jamming – always on. Reactive is swept jamming – scan and jam. 38 38

Aerial Systems US Army UAS Hunter Raven Shadow Yellow Jacket
Note: UAS (unmanned aerial system) Hunter: Division & Corps Asset 3 versions currently exist: RQ-5A:15,000 ft/ 11.6 hrs/EO/IR MQ-5B: 20,000ft/ 20.5 hrs/EO/IR, Laser MQ-5C: 25,000ft/ 30 hrs/O/IR, Laser, SAR Raven: RQ-11 Raven is a small hand-launched remote-controlled unmanned aerial vehicle developed for the U.S. military, but now adopted by the military forces of many other countries. The RQ-11 Raven was originally introduced in The craft is launched by hand and powered by an electric motor. The plane can fly up to 6.2 miles (10 km) up to altitudes of 1,000 feet (305 m) (AGL)/5,000 feet (MSL), at flying speed of 28-60 mph (45–97 km/h) Shadow: RQ-7B Shadow. Brigade-Level Asset. Range = 65 miles Flight time = 6 hours Gross weight = 375 lbs/Onboard GPS/EO/IR camera relays video in real-time Yellow Jacket: Unmanned Helicopter; now fielded in theater. Counter-RCIED Platform/ “Unintentional Electromagnetic Emissions” sensor to detect wireless receivers for IEDs/ High-definition electro-optical sensor

US Army: Guardrail Common Sensor
Aerial Systems US Army: Guardrail Common Sensor Corps level airborne asset SIGINT, COMINT & ELINT collection Targets: Emitters and jammers Collects and locates threat communications and non-communication emitters throughout Corps AO

Aircraft Survivability Equipment
Aerial Systems US Army: AH-64D Apache Aircraft Survivability Equipment AN/ALQ-136(v) 5 AN/ALQ-144A(v)3 AN/APR-39(v)4 AAR-57 CMWS AN/AVR-2A AIRCM AN/APG-78 Fire Control Radar (Target Acquisition/Tracking) AN/APR-48 Radio Frequency Interferometer Although the AH-64D is not a primary EW platform, it has inherent self protection EW systems which include the following: AN/APG-78 FCR is a millimeter-wave Fire Control Radar (FCR) target acquisition system. The FCR is an integrated radar system with a mastmounted transmitter and receiver. The FCR detects, locates, and classifies ground and airborne targets and provides terrain profile signatures when operating in limited adverse weather or obscured visibility conditions. The FCR augments the helicopter’s weapon delivery capability through the use of a target acquisition fire control radar, coupled with a Radar Frequency (RF) guided seeker version of the Hellfire missile. A Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI) is incorporated to provide threat emitter warning, direction finding, and cueing. These coordinates are sorted and sent to the display processor for target symbology presentation on the FCR page or TSD page. AN/APR-48 Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI) is a passive Electronic Support Measure (ESM) system that provides for the detection, acquisition, identification, classification, location, and prioritization of radar emitters for the AH-64D Apache Longbow. The system detects and processes pulse, pulse Doppler, and Continuous Wave (CW) radar signals operating in a currently classified frequency range. The RFI will track and maintain up to 40 active emitter threats and present the top 10 by priority to the crew via multi-purpose displays (MPD). The RFI is primarily an offensive system providing narrow FOV target cueing for onboard and offboard sights/sensors for the accurate and timely employment of weapons. It also supplies highly effective defensive threat warning capability for the ASE suite. The high sensitivity of the system provides for not only main beam signal detection, but also sidelobe and/or backlobe signal detection as well. The system is designed to detect Low Probability of Intercept (LPI) signals and threat systems long before they detect the helicopter. It is capable of threat acquisition well beyond threat lethal range and provides for masked detection of threats based on its mounting location above the rotor mast. The RFI provides for 360 degree coverage about the helicopter for coarse direction finding (DF) and instantaneous 90 degree coverage for precision fine DF. AN/ALQ-136(V)5 CMS , is an airborne, automatic, electronic radar jammer designed to defeat/degrade the tracking capability of hostile threat pulse radar. When threat signals are identified and verified, jamming automatically begins and continues until the threat radar signal is no longer detected. The CMS then ceases jamming but continues to receive and analyze radar signals. The AN/ALQ-136 CMS is programmed to respond to the pulse radar signals of the most critical threat weapon systems anticipated to be encountered in the hostile environment. This system is used on the AH-64A/D, consists of one receiver/transmitter assembly and two different antennas. The operator control unit, designed to operate both the AN/ALQ-136(V)5 CMS and the AN/ALQ-144(V)3 or AN/ALQ-144A(V)3 Infrared (IR) jammer, is provided as part of the AN/ALQ-144(V)3 or AN/ALQ-144A(V)1 IR jammer. The total system weight is 47.4 pounds. AN/ALQ-144A(V)3 The AN/ALQ-144 system is an omni-directional active infrared Countermeasures Set which protects the AH-64D, OH-58D, UH-60 series aircraft from air-to-air and ground-to-air heat seeking (infrared) missiles. The airborne installed system included in this family of equipment are designed to provide jamming of threat IR missile systems. This CMS is designed for use on helicopters to confuse or decoy threat IR missile systems. The AN/ALQ-144A(V)3 CMS is designed to provide jamming of limited IR threat missile systems. The AN/ALQ-144A(V)3 CMS consists of a transmitter assembly and an operator control unit (OCU) with dual capabilities. The OCU controls both the AN/ALQ-136(V)1/5 and the AN/ALQ-144(V)3 or AN/ALQ-144A(V)3. The OCU has a 25-pin connector assembly. The total system weight is 30 pounds. AN/APR-39(V)4 radar signal detecting set [RSDS] uses a signal comparator, signal intensity strobe display, and audio cues to provide detection of Pulsed Wave(PW) radar. It provides coverage for C/D and E through J band PW radar. The system has the capability of detecting most pulse radars normally associated with hostile SAM, airborne intercepts, or antiaircraft weapons. Indications require direct aircrew interpretation since this system has no Emitter Identification Data (EID) software, now referred to as Mission Data Sets (MDS). AN/AAR-57 Common Missile Warning System The ATIRCM/CMWS is part of the Army’s Suite of Integrated Infrared (IR) Countermeasures (SIIRCM) concept of IR protection. This SIIRCM concept also includes Advanced Infrared Countermeasures Munitions (AIRCMM), a new-development set of IR flare decoys, and passive IR features. These features are the host platform modifications intended to reduce the IR signatures, and include such things as engine exhaust/heat suppression and IR-absorbing paints. SIIRCM includes: a new development set of IR flare decoys the Advanced Infrared Countermeasures Munitions (AIRCMM), and passive IR features. These features include host platform modifications such as engine exhaust/heat suppression, and special coatings, intended to reduce the platform IR signature. The ATIRCM is part of the US Army's SIIRCM concept of IR protection. The CMWS consists of five (5) electro-optical sensors and an internally mounted Electronics Control Unit (ECU), which detects incoming missiles, provides warning to the crew, and dispenses countermeasures. CMWS is a totally passive detection system, requiring only the electro-optic (EO) signature of the missile plume. The ECU determines the threat status of detection’s using flight parameter data received from the aircraft Central Computer (CC). The ECU provides missile threat declaration, Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) and elevation information to the CC which generates the crewstation display and warning tone. The CMWS allows for automatic or manual Improved Countermeasures Dispenser (ICMD) operation. AN/AVR-2 Laser Detecting Set (LDS) is a passive laser warning system which receives, processes and displays threat information resulting from aircraft illumination by lasers. The threat information is displayed on the AN/APR-39A(V)1 Radar Detecting Set indicator in the AH-1F cockpit. The AN/AVR-2 LDS responds to lasers associated with laser range finders and laser guided weapons. The AN/AVR-2 LDS consists of one interface unit comparator and four identical sensor units. The total system weight is 21 pounds. This is a passive laser warning system which receives, processes and displays threat information resulting from aircraft illumination by laser designators, range finders and beam riding missiles. The threat information is displayed on the AN/APR-39A(V)1 Radar Detecting Set indicator in the cockpit. The AN/AVR-2A LDS is derived from the basic AN/AVR-2 LDS through the incorporation of several engineering change proposals (ECPs). These ECPs include: incorporation of the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System-Air-to-Ground Engagement System interface; incorporation of a removable user data module to the comparator interface to permit a means to apply software changes and system declassification; and increased Band III sensitivity for improved threat detection performance. 41

US Air Force: EC-130H Compass Call
Aerial Systems US Air Force: EC-130H Compass Call Provides disruptive communications jamming Primarily supports tactical air operations Can provide jamming support to ground force operations Offensive counterinformation platform EA Signal/acquisition/jamming Integrates into tactical air operations at any level

Aerial Systems US Navy: E/A-6B Prowler
Provides disruptive communications jamming Integrated Air Defense Systems (IADS) capability Can provide jamming support to ground force operations Used to blind and/or disrupt: Early Warning radar Target Tracking radar Target Acquisition Radar IADS C2/data links

Putting Together the EW Picture
UAS Fixed Site Dismounted CREW (DCREW) & COMMS Chameleon Symphony Duke This slide shows various systems on the battlefield that provide an EW umbrella for units operating in a hostile zone.

EW Planning Considerations
URBAN TERRAIN CONSTANTLY CHANGES – BE ALERT FOR HOW IT MAY AFFECT YOUR CREW SYSTEM! What EW considerations do you see in this picture for this convoy? (oversize vehicles, CREW positioning, buildings, power lines, trees)

Questions?

Assessment Exercise The following slides contain ten (10) questions.
You must correctly answer eight (8) questions to successfully complete the lesson (80%).

1. Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment (EME). True False A.

2. The purpose of EW is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EM spectrum and ensure friendly unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. EW can be applied from air, sea, land, and space by manned and unmanned systems. True False A.

3. Which of the answer best describes the following statement: Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. Electronic Reconnaissance Electronic Warfare Electronic Deception Electronic Reprogramming B.

4. Which of the following is correct?
A. EA = DF & Warning EP = Jam & Deceive ES = Deconflict & Control B. EA = Jam & Deceive EP = DF & Warning C. EA = Jam & Deceive EP = Deconflict & Control ES = DF & Warning C.

5. The US Military owns exclusively which of the following portions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
HF VHF UHF None of the above All of the above D. None of the above, since the EMS can be used by friendly forces, enemy forces, commercial firms, private users, and other governmental agencies.

6. Line of Sight (LOS) depends on the antenna’s ability to “see” the receiver and does not necessarily refer to physical sight. Which of the following can cause LOS degradation” Weather (storms, lightning) Buildings and other structures Power lines (electromagnetic fields) Metallic surfaces All of the above E.

7. Army EW operations provide the land force commander capabilities to support full spectrum operations (offensive, defensive, and stability or civil support operations). EW supports full spectrum operations by applying EW capabilities to detect, deny, deceive, disrupt, or degrade and destroy enemy combat capability and by controlling and protecting friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum. True False A.

8. The EW Officer (EWO) is the principal EW planner and integrator on the staff.
True False A.

9. Which of the following is a Defensive EA System??
A. Chaff B. Decoys Radar Reflectors CREW All of the above E.

10. Which of the following ground systems indicates the presence of US Marine Corps forces?
LX MMBJ MEWSS D. Prophet C.

Back up Slides Several slides in the main packet have been nominated for back-up ( see notes pages - in RED)

Resident Courses CREW Master Gunner Course, Fort Huachuca, AZ
Two-week resident course (ASI 1K) Company level Operational Electronic Warfare Operations Course, Fort Sill, OK Six-week resident course (ASI 1J) Battalion level and above Electronic Warfare Officer (FA29) Qualification Course, Fort Sill, OK Electronic Warfare Warrant Officer (290A) Course, Fort Sill, OK Electronic Warfare NCO (29E) Course, Fort Sill, OK

Mobile Training Team (MTT) Courses
EW Leaders Course Unclassified - 3 Hours EW Senior Leaders Course Unclassified - 3 Hours CREW Company Specialist Course Secret – 3 Days ** CREW Leader Training Secret – 4 Hours CREW Operator Training Unclassified – 4 Hours ** = By request *CREW Courses need verification (POC: Mr. Orlov)

EW Points of Contact for Training
EW for Leaders and EW for Senior Leaders, Fort Leavenworth, KS - MAJ Aimee DeJarnette CREW MTT, Fort Huachuca, AZ - Ms. Margaret Baldez Operational EW (ASI 1J) Course, Fort Sill, OK - SFC Bill Funk RF Spectrum Management / Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations (EMSO), Fort Gordon, GA - Mr. Stan Oliver CREW Master Gunner (ASI 1K) Course, Fort Huachuca, AZ - Mr. Will Wells, Site Lead,

Additional Terms and Definitions
Electromagnetic Deception: EM deception is the deliberate radiation, reradiation, alteration, suppression, absorption, denial, enhancement, or reflection of EM energy in a manner intended to convey misleading information to an enemy or to enemy EM-dependent weapons, thereby degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability. (FM /JP 1-02) EM Interference: EMI is any EM disturbance that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of electronics and electrical equipment. It can be induced intentionally, as in some forms of EW, or unintentionally, as a result of spurious emissions and responses, intermodulation products, etc. (FM /JP 1-02) EM Intrusion: EM intrusion is the intentional insertion of EM energy into transmission paths in any manner, with the objective of deceiving operators or of causing confusion. (FM 24-33) Consider for Back-Up Note: Deception uses advanced EM techniques that make it appear the enemy’s systems are operating normally and correctly, but in fact their systems are being deceived and ‘spoofed’ with things like false targets. A quiet radio, a clear/blank scope, false heat sources, etc. Interference examples are: flooded out infra-red sensors (FLIR) or radar scope. Intrusion: Overpowering a radio station with propaganda or giving false instructions or directions (“retreat, retreat”) over tactical radios or other tactical communication systems.

Additional Terms and Definitions
Electronic Reconnaissance: Electronic reconnaissance is the detection, identification, evaluation, and location of foreign EM radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources. Related to ES. (FM 3-36) EW Reprogramming: EW reprogramming is the deliberate alteration or modification of EW or target sensing systems or the TTP that employ them. In response to validated changes in equipment, tactics, or the EME. These changes may be the result of deliberate actions on the part of friendly, adversary, or third parties; or they may be brought about by EMI or other inadvertent phenomena. The purpose of EW reprogramming is to maintain or enhance the effectiveness of EW and target sensing systems equipment. EW reprogramming includes changes to self-defense systems, offensive weapons systems, and intelligence collection systems. (JP ) Consider for Back-Up

Planning for an Adaptive Threat
Commercially Available Cell Phone Jammer “We sell all types of cell phone jammers to suit all needs. From the small handheld personal mini jammers to the mega power RX660 model. Whatever your requirement is, we have a unit to deal with your problem. Whether it is to restore some peace and quiet or to stop the unauthorised use of the mobile phones in restricted areas including anti terrorism measures, then we have a cell phone jammer to provide the solution.” HIGH POWER & PORTABLE, THE ONE TO HAVE ! 0.6 Watt total power, range up to 15 metres (in optimum conditions) Y050 - For the Americas & Canada -£ GBP (approx $ USD) Y050 - For GSM ( Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East etc) -£ GBP Consider for Back-Up Note: This is an example of how the threat is very adaptive and can purchase off-the-shelf items to use against the US military – either in an attack mode or as a defensive measure. This cell phone jammer – and other models, to include GPS jammers, are readily available to the threat. (A cell phone jammer is an example of electronic protect.) This is readily available to the threat despite warnings on the website ( that say: For UK customers: jamming equipment is illegal to use in the UK as it violates section 8 of the 2006 Wireless Telegraphy Act, we are therefore unable to supply jammers to any UK business or private customer. Any UK Government or Military customer should ensure that they have the relevant exemption or immunity before purchasing. Due to non CE approval of these products we cannot sell these products to any private end user in any of the European Union countries. Customers in North America are advised to contact the FCC to ensure that they are legally allowed to import jammer products into the USA before purchasing from us.

Electronic Warfare (EW) for New Officers

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