1. Cell Diversity
Cells are not identical – they diversify their structure to suit their function

2. Types of Cells
Muscle Cells
Red Blood Cells
Nerve Cells

3. Tissues
A Tissue is a group of similar cells that are adapted to carry out the same function

4. Plant tissues Dermal tissue Vascular Tissue
A single layer of cells that surrounds the different parts of a plant
Epidermis protects the plant
Vascular Tissue
Transports materials around the plant
Xylem transports water and minerals around the plant Phloem transports food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant

5. Animal Tissues Muscle Tissue can contract
Nervous Tissue composed of nerve cells called neurons

6. Tissue Culture
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues in or on an artificial medium outside an organism
The tissue sample is removed from a plant or animal and grown in glassware ( in vitro) or in a bioreactor under carefully controlled conditions
Growth is by mitosis and produces a cluster of identical offspring - a clone

7. Conditions necessary for Tissue growth
Oxygen
Nutrients
Growth factors and hormones
Correct pH
Optimum temperature
Sterile conditions
Freedom from competition

8. Stages in Tissue Culture
Example of tissue culture is Organ transplants
Skin cells obtained
Enzymes added
Individual Cells isolated
Controlled culture medium
Sheets of cells grown

9. Applications of tissue cultures
Virus reproduction
Hela cells used to grow and investigate viruses
Micro propagation of plants
Produces exact copies
Quickly produces mature plants
Doesn’t need pollinators or seeds
Producing plants that are disease resistant and virus free

10. Applications of tissue cultures
Growing human tissue for organ transplants
Skin cells
Liver cell
Pancreas cells
Producing biotechnology products
Insulin
Interferon
Pregnancy testing kits
Drug testing kits
Cancer testing kits

11. Organs
An organ is a structure composed of a number of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions
Examples
Root - Heart
Stem - Stomach
Leaf - Intestine
Flower - Liver
Seeds - Lungs
Fruit - Skin

12. Systems
A system consists of a number of organs working together to carry out one or more functions
Animal Systems
Digestive
Circulatory
Nervous
Urinary
Endocrine
Skeletal
Muscular
Reproductive