1. Biology Notes Evolution Part 4 Pages 517-535

2. Standards
6.9
____ Describe how and why organisms are hierarchically classified based on evolutionary relationships ____ Discuss the use of molecular clocks to estimate how long ago various groups of organisms diverged evolutionarily from one another ____ Discuss distinguishing characteristics and kingdoms of living organisms ____ Explain the reason for changes in how organisms are classified
6.13
6.11
6.10

3. Essential Question: How have new discoveries helped us to 1.
redefine the relationships among
organisms? 1.

4. III. Classification
Taxonomy = the science of _________ and classifying organisms
Carolus Linnaeus is the first to propose a universal ____________ and develops a hierarchical system of classification based on binomial _____________
organizing
classification
nomenclature

5. binomial nomenclature = two word naming system in which each _________ is given a two word scientific name known as the ______ and ________
e.g.
The Linnaeus system of classification still used today includes: ________, phylum, _____, order, ______, genus, and ________
organism
genus
species
Homo sapiens
class
kingdom
family
species
Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia,
Primates, Hominidae, Homo, sapien =
human

8. Modern taxonomy now classifies organisms based on their ________ characteristics as well as their __________ relationships
phylogeny = the ___________ history for a group of _________
cladogram = a diagram that shows the common ________ and derived _________ among a group of organisms
physical
evolutionary
evolutionary
organisms
characters
ancestors

9. derived characters = traits that can be used to understand __________ relationships because they are shared among some ______ but not others
evolutionary
species
FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS
Tetrapoda clade 1
Amniota clade 2
Reptilia clade 3
Diapsida clade 4
Archosauria clade 5
EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID
OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL
SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW
FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS.
SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE
DERIVED CHARACTER

12. Phylogeny has recently been highly supported using research in _____ sequencing
e.g.
molecular clock = a model scientists use to compare mutation rates in _____ sequences in order to _________ the time two species have evolved independently of each other
DNA
reptiles & birds
DNA
estimate

14. A. Current Classification Systems
Over time, and with more ___________ there have been several “upgrades” to the taxonomic system
Modern taxonomists group living organisms within __ Kingdoms:
discoveries 6

15. Bacteria – prokaryotic, unicellular __________ or heterotrophs that have cells walls with _____________
e.g.
2. Archae – prokaryotic, unicellular ___________ or heterotrophs that do not have cell walls with ______________
autotrophs
peptidoglycan
e. coli, streptococcus
autotrophs
peptidoglycan
methanogenos, halophiles

16. 3. Protista – mostly unicellular; all __________; autotrophs and _____________ e.g. 4. Fungi – multicellular, eukaryotic ____________ with cell walls made of ______; _____________ that absorb nutrients
eukaryotic
heterotrophs
amoeba, paramecium
heterotrophs
chitin
detritivore
mushrooms, fungi

17. 5. Plantae – autotrophic, multicellular __________
e.g.
6. Animalia – heterotrophic, multicellular ___________
eukaryotes
grass, ferns, flowers, moss
eukaryotes
zebras, humans, lions, bugs

19. In the last decade, advancements with _____ sequencing and through the use of __________ clocks, scientists have added a _______ group to the taxonomic classification which is ______ than a kingdom
DNA
molecular
Domain
larger

20. 1. Domain Eukarya – ___________ 2
1. Domain Eukarya – ___________ 2. Domain Bacteria – unicellular and ____________; cell walls with peptidoglycan 3. Domain Archae - unicellular, prokaryotic, and must have lack of _______; cell walls without peptidoglycan
eukaryotes
multicellular
oxygen