1. PREPARED BY: Joshima V.M., University of Nizwa.
ARCH 408 Landscape Design
PREPARED BY: Joshima V.M., University of Nizwa.

2. Landscape Architecture
Landscape architecture is defined as a discipline that encompasses Design, Planning, Land Preservation and Restoration, whose task is to shape the terrain and the space around an architectural piece or an urban or regional project.
Landscape Architecture

3. Design Process Site Selection Landscape Survey Site Analysis
Site Planning
Site Design
Design Process

4. Site selection : selection of site by the comparative analysis of several available sites for the same project/ program.
Landscape survey: collection of detailed information in respect to the physical characteristics of a site.
Design Process

5. Site Analysis: matching of a given project program (school, college etc) with a suitable site.
Site Planning: compromise between the adaptation of the site to fit the program and the adaptation of the program to fit the site.
Site Design: detailed design of the site.
Design Process

6. Site Analysis Site analysis phase has to cover two important factors:
Regional Factors
Site Specific Factors
Site Analysis

7. Site Analysis- Regional factors
Regional factors are those established through reference to regional characteristics.
Regional climate
Vegetation
Social life and tradition
Local government regulations
Historical background
Neighborhood provision of parks and play grounds
Availability of sewage, water and other services
Site Analysis- Regional factors

8. Site Analysis- Site Specific Factors
Site specific factors are those which are unique to the site which again includes site factors and use factors.
Site Factors: Use Factors:
Micro Climate Traffic
Site topography Density
Existing vegetation Safety factors
Water Social factors
Soil conditions & Geology Special functions
Existing features
Site surroundings
Visual quality
Site Analysis- Site Specific Factors

9. Site Analysis- Site Factors
Micro climate: climate that is specific to the site area with variations from regional climate due to:
Topography of the site
Altitude and exposure of the site.
Wind breaks and wind velocities in that area.
Proximity of the site to coast, industry, water bodies, tall buildings etc.
Site Analysis- Site Factors

10. Site Analysis- Site Factors
Site Topography: natural slope of the ground and features of the site.
Topography map shows the shape, physical details, ground form, boundaries, existing natural features of the site.
Site Analysis- Site Factors

11. Site Analysis- Site Factors
Existing vegetation: details of the existing trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses with their height, spread, diameter of trunk and their condition.
It gives a clue to the nature of the soil and the micro climate of the site.
These provide an indication for the selection of new planting.
Site Analysis- Site Factors

12. Site Analysis- Site Factors
Availability of water from natural or artificial sources, its volume, purity and seasonal variations need to be analyzed. Subsurface geological information provides the nature of soil, bed rocks, their depth, stability and surface drainage. Soil map is a mosaic of different soil types along with the classification, depth, texture, chemical reactions and conditions. Soil is an important factor in site planning in relation to the stability of the land, foundation stability, excavation, erosion hazard, drainage and plant growth.
Site Analysis- Site Factors

13. Site Analysis- Site Factors
Existing features: Existing Buildings, roads, sewage systems, underground pipes and cables, the access to the site from public roads can form part of the future plan.
Site surroundings: existing features around the site that can influence the design.
Visual Analysis is done to record views and vistas that are attractive, and adjacent areas that should be screened out.
2 intentions of visual analysis are:
to develop the program with visually pleasing relationships WITHIN THE SITE itself.
to fit the project harmoniously INTO THE SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENT.
Site Analysis- Site Factors

14. Site Analysis- Use Factors
Traffic is an important factor to be considered while designing the site. The major aspects to consider are:
Access to the site from public roads.
Access to parking
Separation of traffic according to the vehicles.
Turning space
Parking requirements (permanent & seasonal) and loading bays.
Segregation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic.
Peripheral screening.
Site Analysis- Use Factors

15. Site Analysis- Use Factors
Density: expected density of activities, people, vehicles, services etc. for different areas. Safety factors: physical hazards should be foreseen by the designer. Access to fast traffic roads, water bodies accessible to children, unprotected retaining walls etc. should be avoided.
Site Analysis- Use Factors

16. Site Analysis- Use Factors
Social factors: factors that influence the site design but is invisible on site. Concerns and life style of people, legal aspects, culture etc. Special functions relate to the typology of building in the site. Site design requirements of different type of buildings varies. Eg. Residential, hospitals, parks etc.
Site Analysis- Use Factors

17. Features/ Elements of Landscape can be classified into:
Softscapes: animate, horticulture elements.
E.g. plants, trees, water, climate etc.
Hardscapes: inanimate elements.
E.g. pavement, surfaces, furniture etc.
Landscape features

18. Graphic language Non-lineal symbols
Activity areas, use zones, functional spaces etc.
Buildings and Structures
Focal areas, point of interest, conflict zones etc.
Activity or circulation nodes.
Graphic language

19. Graphic language Static Lineal symbols Functional edges:
Barriers, Screens, Walls
Noise zones
Ecological edges:
Forested areas, Cliff area
Graphic language

20. Graphic language Active Lineal symbols Automobile circulation
Pedestrian circulation
Access points
View direction
Wind direction
Ecological processes
Movement of anything
Graphic language

21. Symbols used for Landscape working drawings
Graphic language

22. Symbols used for Landscape working drawings
Graphic language

23. Material representation used for Landscape working drawings
Graphic language

24. Graphic language Graphic scale
Retains the true relationship to the drawing in the event the drawings are reduced or enlarged.
Graphic language

25. North Indicators
Graphic language

26. Trees Always use a light guide line and show the center of the tree
Trees Always use a light guide line and show the center of the tree. Plant Groups Hedges
Graphic language

27. Layering
Graphic language

28. Rocks Water Waterfalls or rapid water should be indicated with few dots.
Graphic language

29. Pools & Fountains Paving
Graphic language

30. Graphic language

31. Graphic language

32. Graphic language

33. Graphic language