1. Matter & Particle Theory
Grade 9 Science– Notre Dame College School
 John Dalton – the guy who came up with particle theory

2. Agenda What is matter The Particle Theory Mixtures vs. Pure Substances
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Solution
Homogeneous Mixtures
Mechanical Mixture
Suspension
Pure Substances
Elements
Compounds

3. What is Matter? IT ALL MATTERS!
Matter is anything that contains mass & volume (takes up space)
Energy, such as light, heat, and sound, is NOT matter
IT ALL MATTERS!

4. The Particle Theory of Matter
This provides a way to describe the structure and behaviour of matter.
There are 4 principals of the particle theory written by a chemist named John Dalton.
Think About it!
Look at a piece of chalk  If you broke a piece of chalk in half, would it still look like and behave like chalk?
How small of pieces would you have to break a piece of chalk so that it isn’t chalk anymore – is that even possible?
The answer is YES, because the smallest pieces of chalk are made up of particles and the particle theory explains how this works!

5. The Particle Theory of Matter
1. All matter is made up of very tiny objects called particles.
These particles are VERY tiny – too small to be seen with any regular light microscope

6. The Particle Theory of Matter
2. All Particles have spaces between them.
The size of these spaces determine the state of the matter

7. The Particle Theory of Matter
3. Particles present in matter are always in motion.
In a solid, they vibrate together
In a liquid, they stay close together but slide along each other
In a gas, they bounce and move in all directions!

8. The Particle Theory of Matter
4. The particles in a substance attract each other.
The degree that particles are attracted to each other is different in difference substances,
Take a guess!
Which substance do you think has the strongest attractions? Which has the weakest?
Iron
Water
Oxygen

9. Recap: Here they are all again
Recap: Here they are all again
All matter is made up of very tiny objects called particles.
All particles have spaces between them.
Particles present in matter are always in motion.
The particles in a substance attract each other.

10. Pure Substances vs. Mixtures
All matter can be divided into two big categories: PURE SUBSTANCES and MIXTURES.
Pure substances are made up of one type of element or compound
Mixtures are a combination of pure substances (2 or more types of particles)
Versus

11. Pure Substances
Pure substances are made up of only ONE type of particle or matter, and has a unique set of properties.
Pure substances are in the form of either elements or compounds.

12. Elements
Element- a substance that cannot be broken down into any simpler substance by chemical means.
They are only made up of one type of atom (one type of particle)
Examples are Oxygen, Calcium, Iron, Carbon and Helium (see periodic table)

13. Compounds
A compound is a pure substance that is made from two or more elements that are combined together chemically.
Compounds are made up of many molecules that are held together by chemical bonds!
Hydrogen
 Water is a molecule because it is made out of two types of atoms (oxygen and hydrogen)
Oxygen
Water is a compound because it has many molecules of one type (H2O = Water)
Hydrogen

14. Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more different pure substances (different types of particles). They do not chemically combine.
Mixtures can be divided into 2 big categories:
Heterogeneous Mixtures (Mechanical)
Homogeneous Mixtures (Solutions)

15. Heterogeneous Mixtures
Made up of two or more particles that are easy to see and separate.
Can be divided into two categories:
Mechanical mixtures
Suspensions
An Oreo cookie is a heterogeneous mixture

16. What are some of the parts of these mechanical mixtures?
the different substances that make up the mixture are visible.
Made up of several distinct parts
A lasagne, parfait, and a cookie are both examples of mechanical mixtures
THINK ABOUT IT!
What are some of the parts of these mechanical mixtures?

17. Suspensions
A cloudy mixture where small particles of one substance are held (float) in another substance
These particles can be separated by filtration.
Salad Dressing, glittery nail polish, and yogurt are examples of suspensions

18. Homogeneous Mixtures
A homogenous mixture occurs when 2 or more particles dissolve in one another.
Only one layer of phase is visible.
Solutions are homogeneous mixtures!

19. Kool-Aid and tea are examples of solutions
A mixture of 2 or more substances that dissolve in each other. Only one layer or phase can be seen.
Kool-Aid and tea are solutions because you cannot see the sugar crystals floating in the Kool-Aid, and you cannot see the tea floating in the tea when the bag is removed
Kool-Aid and tea are examples of solutions

20. Atom
The smallest particle of an element is the atom

21. Elements - molecule 2
2 atoms of hydrogen bonded together

22. Compound - Molecule
2 or more different types of atoms bonded together. Many molecules make a compound

23. Which Is It? (element, compound or mixture)

24. Which Is It?
COMPOUND

25. Which Is It?
MIXTURE