1. Slavery Divides the Nation
Chapter 16
Slavery Divides the Nation

2. Definitions Union = United States = North = Yankees
Sectionalism is loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country
Popular sovereignty refers to the idea that each territory could decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery through a vote
Union = United States = North = Yankees
Confederacy = Confederate States of America = South = Rebels

3. The Missouri Question
In 1819, there were 11 free states & 11 slave states; and Missouri wanted to join
Henry Clay (the Great Compromiser) suggests Missouri Compromise (1819)
Missouri enters as slave state, Maine enters as free state
Keep # of slave and free states =
At 30°26’N (slave south of line, free north of line ≠MO
In Louisiana Purchase only
Michigan, Iowa, Wisconsin (free); Arkansas, Florida, Texas (slave)

4. Sectionalism increases
Southerners are united in support of slavery
Northerners see South as a foreign country
New Political Party – the Free Soil Party
Anti-slavery members of Whigs & Democrats
“Free soil, free speech, free labor, & free men!”

5. Major Players Henry Clay (West) Great Compromiser
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
John C. Calhoun (South) – believed slavery must be allowed in the territories
Daniel Webster (North) – supported a plan to save the Union for fear of a Civil War

6. Compromise of 1850 California enters as free state
Rest of Mexican Cession – slavery decided by popular sovereignty
Slave trade banned in Washington, D.C.
Fugitive Slave Law
All citizens had to help catch runaway slaves
$1000 fines, jail time
Made Northerners feel like part of the slave system

7. Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)
Stephen Douglas proposed dividing up Nebraska Territory into Kansas and Nebraska; slavery decided by popular sovereignty
Missouri Compromise banned slavery here
Popular Sovereignty worked in New Mexico & Utah – why not here?
Bleeding Kansas
Pro-slavery & anti-slavery groups move into Kansas
Leads to violence
More than 200 people killed by 1856

8. Dred Scott Decision
Dred Scott (a slave that lived in Missouri, moved to Wisconsin where owner died) – anti-slavery lawyers filed suit claiming he was free since he lived in a free territory
Supreme Court Decided
Scott could not sue – was not a citizen
Slaves were property
Congress did not have power to outlaw slavery in a territory
Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

9. Republicans Challenge Slavery
Republican Party created in 1854
Main goal was to keep slavery out of the western territories
Lincoln – Douglas Debates
Lincoln (Republican) campaigns for Illinois Senate seat against Stephen Douglas
Major Debates on issue of slavery
Douglas wins BUT Lincoln becomes nationally known

10. John Brown’s Raid
John Brown (abolitionist) attacks federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, VA
Hoped to begin slave revolt
Because of slave codes & fear, no slave revolt
Brown found guilty of murder & treason, sentenced to death
Became a hero in the North
Southerners become convinced the North wanted to destroy slavery and the South along with it.

11. Election of 1860 Nominees Results Republicans – Lincoln
Northern Democrats – Douglas
Southern Democrats – Breckinridge
Constitutional Union Party - Bell
Results
Lincoln wins
South felt no longer had a voice in government
South Carolina seceded Dec. 20, 1860
6 states follow
Form Confederate States of America, elect Jefferson Davis President

12. Civil War Starts Fort Sumter, SC – guards Charleston Harbor
Confederates attack and win Ft. Sumter on April 12, 1861
Beginning of Civil War

13. The Civil War
Chapter 17

14. I. The Conflict Takes Place
a. Southerners believed they had the right to leave Union to protect their way of life (slavery).
b. Northerners believed they had to fight to save Union.
A. Strengths and Weaknesses
a. Confederate (South) Advantages
1. Defensive War-Strong reason to fight, protect homeland
2. Knew the land

15. b. Confederate Disadvantages
1. Economic weakness- few factories,
disconnected railroads
2. Political problems-Confederate government had little power 3. Small population-1/3 population enslaved
African Americans, less soldiers than Union
to fight war
c. Union (North) Advantages
1. Population-Almost 4 times as many free
citizens as South

16. 2. Economic strength- Industry was greatest resource
a. Factories produced weapons,
uniforms, and supplies
b. North had 70% of the rail lines
3. Strong navy and huge fleet of ships
d. Union Disadvantages
1. Invading unfamiliar land
2. Long supply lines
B. Military Leaders
a. Robert E. Lee-General of Confederate army
b. Ulysses S. Grant-General of Union army

17. II. No Easy Victory A. Plan of action
a. Union- take control of Mississippi, blockade supplies
b. Confederate- Defend homeland
B. Battle of Bull Run-1st major battle
a. “Stonewall” Jackson
b. Union troops panic and run
c. Showed the war would be long and bloody
C. Naval Action
a. Union blockaded Confederate ships
b. Ironclad ships- ships covered with iron plates

18. III. Promise of Freedom D. Battle of Antietam
a. Confederate plans found by the Union
b. No clear victory
III. Promise of Freedom
A. Lincoln Goals
a. Restore the Union
b. Emancipation Proclamation- September 22, 1862
1. freed slaves in the Confederacy
2. Lincoln did not want to anger Union slave holders
3. Europeans no longer wanted to help South

19. IV. The War Ends A. Fall of Vicksburg
a. Union victory at Vicksburg gave them complete control of the Mississippi
B. Battle of Gettysburg
a. One of the most important battles- turning point of war
b. Gettysburg Address
C. Union plan of Total War
a. Destroy all things useful to the South

20. D. General Lee Surrenders
a. April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse