1. Starter List two examples of a reason indicator
List two examples of a conclusion indicator
Explain what test you can do to check which words are reason or conclusion indicators?

2. But what can be wrong with some arguments and reasons?
e.g. All teachers are cool Miss Neale is a teacher Therefore Miss Neale is cool
e.g.
Cristiano Ronaldo is a great footballer
Cristiano Ronaldo is Portuguese
Thus all Portuguese must be great footballers

3. An assumption is a statement that is being made as if it is true or a fact but really it has no reasons or basis
Assumptions
What is an assumption?
Write your own definition followed by an example
Not sure?
Share your ideas with a neighbour

4. Spot the assumptions behind the statements
For each of the following write down any assumptions being made by the speaker
(multiple assumptions can be made even in one statement- how many can you come up with?)
1. We don’t need to eat dinner tonight as we will be going to that party
2. You should start running as there is a tiger behind you
3. There’s no point playing against Dan, he always wins
4. You should learn the bass because its easier than guitar

5. Write your own...
Write your own example of an argument with an assumption in it
e.g. Pink is a better colour than Purple therefore choose Pink
Swap with a neighbour and read each other’s
Write down all the possible assumptions that are being made from that statement
e.g. - That the person doing the choosing will agree
-That pink is a better colour for the job than purple
- That other people will agree with their view

6. Joint and Independent Reasons in arguments
Moving on...
Joint and Independent Reasons in arguments
Ideas?
Have a guess what these might be and how they are different...

7. (remember being logical is not the same as agreeing)
Some arguments work with only one reason on its own. No other reason is needed for this to be logical
(remember being logical is not the same as agreeing)
e.g. Killing animals for meat is wrong. Therefore we should all become vegetarians
1 Reason Conclusion

8. But some arguments use more than one reason and these reasons can be joint or independent
e.g.
Killing animals for meat is wrong.
Humans can survive on vegetables alone.
Therefore, we should all become vegetarians.

9. The reasons aren't linked, to work it doesn’t need both of them
The two reasons here could each work independently to reach the conclusion.
Killing animals for meat is wrong. Therefore, we should all become vegetarians.
Humans can survive on vegetables alone. Therefore, we should all become vegetarians. or
Reason Reason 2
Conclusion
The reasons aren't linked, to work it doesn’t need both of them

10. Other arguments may have two reasons that join together to work
Both reasons need to work together to make the argument work
Conclusion
e.g.
Killing animals for meat causes the animals pain.
Causing animals pain is cruel.
Therefore, we should all become vegetarians.

11. The second reason does not work on its own to support the conclusion.
Causing animals pain is cruel. Therefore, we should all become vegetarians.
The reasons must be added or joined together to make the conclusion work. Hence the sign on the diagram.

12. joint or independent reasons?
Look at the example-
joint or independent reasons?
It snows in winter time. I love building snowmen. Therefore winter is my favourite time of year
Fox hunting is a cruel sport. Fox hunting is old fashioned and elitist. Therefore, it should be banned.

13. 1. Have a go at writing your own- one joint one independent
-Swap with a neighbour and label which is which
2. Remember what each diagram looks like?
- Draw and label a diagram for both a joint and independent argument
Have students draw them on the board

14. Argument Mapping These diagrams are what we call:
You have literally been mapping out the structure of the arguments and how they reach their conclusion.
Homework- due next lesson
Complete the sheet where you mark up arguments and draw their map (diagram) to show if they are independent or joint

15. Quick practice as a class so you know what to do: