1. Articles of Confederation

2. The first constitution of the U.S.
What were they??
The first constitution of the U.S.
They established a confederal system of government.
A lot of problems arose out of the A.O.C.

3. Congress had no power to tax.
Government had no money to pay soldiers or anything else

4. Changing the law required the unanimous consent of all 13 states.
Difficult to pass laws

5. National Government could not support a national currency.
Government could not print money

6. Congress could not enforce the laws and had no national court system.
States and people did not have to follow laws passed by Congress.

7. Congress could not regulate trade.
Interstate business was very difficult.
Economy was bad.

8. National government did not have the power to raise an army.
Couldn’t protect the country.

9. Fix-a-Failure
Article Failures

10. Problem
Implication
Constitution Fix
Congress could not collect taxes
No taxes= no money to run the country. States would not support the national government.
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1
Congress has the power to set and collect taxes from the people.
No executive branch
National government was powerless to enforce an laws it passed. No President. No checks and balances.
Article II, Section 1:
The power to execute the law will belong to the President of the U.S.
Congress had no power to enforce its own laws in the states
No enforcement= people in various states doing what they want.
Article II, Section 3:
The duty of the executive branch is to make sure the laws are carried out and enforced.
National government could not regulate trade between states
States had their own trading practices and regulations with other states. This created slow & tense trade relationship between the states.
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3
Congress has the power to regulate trade between the states.

11. Problem
Implication
Constitution Fix
Congress could not regulate foreign trade/commerce.
States were entering individually into trade agreements with foreign nations.
Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3
Congress has the power to regulate trade with foreign countries.
Citizens in the states thought their property rights were being violated.
Violated property rights= tension between state governments and the people.
Article VI
No laws are above the Constitution; states should not make laws that conflict with the Constitution.
There was no separate, national court system.
No court system to handle national/federal level issues. Interstate issues would have no courts to go to on the federal level. Federal laws but no federal courts.
Article III
The Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation and there are lower courts that are created by Congress.
The Articles required a unanimous vote to make changes to the Articles
This made it nearly impossible to make changes to the AOC; it couldn’t be changed to match the current needs of the people
Article V
The Constitution can be changed if 2/3 of both houses of congress vote to. It will be valid as part of the Const. if ¾ of the st leg. agree.

12. Pathway to the Constitution

13. Two Plans Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
Proposed a strong national government.
State and national government would exist, receiving their power from the people.
National government would make & enforce their own laws & could tax the people.
Would have legislative (with a House & Senate), executive, & judicial branches.
Proportional representation.
New Jersey Plan
Proposed a weak national government.
Congress could collect taxes on products & collect fines from the states if they refused to pay their taxes.
Congress would have one house / chamber.
Each state would have equal representation.

14. Representation Small States Large States
Feared large states would have more power if they were given votes based on population.
Wanted one vote per state.
Large States
Felt their interests would not be properly represented with one vote per state.
Wanted “proportional representation” or representation based on population.

15. The Great Compromise AKA the Connecticut Compromise
In order to make both the large and small states happy, the compromise was to have a legislature divided into two chambers: one with two representatives from each state (equal representation) and one with representation based on population (proportionate representation).

16. Slavery Northern States Southern States
Most were opposed to slavery
Many were concerned about the Southern states counting slaves as part of their population thus giving them more representation in Congress.
Southern States
Some were opposed to slavery, but many were financially dependent on slavery for farming purposes.
Believed that each state should have the right to choose for themselves. Without this choice, Southern states would not agree to be part of the union.

17. The Compromise
The Framers agreed that the slave trade would not be ended prior to They also decided on the three fifths (3/5) clause stating that population for the House of Representatives would be based on the total of free persons, indentured servants, and 3/5 of the slave population.

18. Preamble to the Constitution

19. The Preamble “Form a more perfect union” “Establish Justice”
“Ensure domestic tranquility”
“Provide for the common defense”
“Promote the general welfare”
“Secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and out Posterity”
Under each flap please interpret the meaning of the Preamble to the U.S. Constitution.