1. Arthrosyndesmology

2. is science of anatomy and function of joints
Arthrosyndesmology
is science of anatomy and function of joints

3. Joints
Solid
non-synovial
synarthroses
Synovial
cavitated
diarthroses

4. Transitional form of bone articulations – hemiarthrosis (symphysis)
It’s a cartilaginous
joint having
a cavity inside;
gives a little
mobility to
pubic bones
during parturition

5. Solid
joints
immovable
(for stability)
Synovial
joints
movable
(for mobility)

7. (on the example of shoulder joint)
Synovial joints
(on the example of shoulder joint)

8. Obligatory pats
of synovial joints
Articulating surface
Articular (joint) capsule
Articular cavity

9. (on the example of shoulder joint)
Synovial joints
(on the example of shoulder joint)

10. covered by hyaline cartilage and participating in bone articulation
Articular surfaces
are the parts of bones
covered by hyaline cartilage
and participating in bone articulation
Congruent

11. Articular capsule

12. Synarthroses Fibrous joints (syndesmoses) 2.Cartilaginous joints
(synchondroses)
3.Osseus joints (synostoses)

13. Syndesmoses
Ligaments
Membranes
Sutures
Fontanelles
Gomphoses

14. Ligaments

15. Ligaments Do not regard to synovial joints Surround synovial joints
(extra-articular ligaments)
3. Located inside synovial joints
(intra-articular ligaments)

16. Ligaments Connect the bones holding them near each other
Form the openings
that transmit
vessels and nerves

17. filling wide spaces between them
Membranes
Connect bones
filling wide spaces between them

18. 1. Interosseous membranes

19. Membranes
2. Obturator membrane

20. 3. Atlantooccipital membranes
Tectorial membrane
Posterior
atlantooccipital
membrane
Anterior
atlantooccipital
membrane

21. 4. External intercostal membrane
Membranes
4. External intercostal membrane

22. 5. Internal intercostal membrane
Membranes
5. Internal intercostal membrane

23. Connect the skull bones
Sutures
Connect the skull bones
Plan sutures
Serrate sutures
Squamous suture

24. Fontanelles
Connect the skull bones in newborns and children during first year of life

25. Connect teeth to surrounding osseous tissue in jaw alveoli
Gomphosys
Connect teeth to surrounding osseous tissue in jaw alveoli
Dental root
Periodontium
Jaw bone

26. Synchondroses
Temporary
Permanent

27. Synchondroses
Temporary

28. Synchondroses
2. Permanent

29. Synchondroses
Hyaline
Fibrous

30. Synchondroses
Hyaline

31. Synchondroses
2. Fibrous

32. Synostoses

33. Synovial joints (diarthroses)
Classification based on the number of articulating surfaces
Simple joints 3. Complex joints
Compound Combined joints
joints

34. Simple joints

35. Compound joints

36. Complex joints

37. Combined joints

38. Synovial joints (diarthroses)
Classification based on the shape of articulating surfaces
and number of axes of movements
Uni-axial joints
Bi-axial joints
Multi-axial joints

39. Types of movements Flexion-extension (around frontal axis)
2.Abduction-adduction
(around sagittal axis)
3.Rotation (pronation-supination)
(around vertical axis)
4. Circumduction

40. Synovial joints with limited movements are called amphyarthroses

41. Uni-axial joints
Trochoid (pivot) joints
Hinge joints

42. Uni-axial joints
Trochoid (pivot) joints

43. Uni-axial joints
Hinge joints

44. Bi-axial joints
Ellipsoidal joints
Saddle joints
Condyloid joints

45. Bi-axial joints
Ellipsoidal joints

46. Bi-axial joints
Condyloid joints

47. Bi-axial joints
Saddle joints

48. Multi-axial joints
Ball-and-socket
joints
2. Plane joints

49. Ball-and-socket joints
Multi-axial joints
Ball-and-socket joints

50. Multi-axial joints
Plane joints

52. Accessory structures in the synovial joints
1. Intra-articular ligaments
2. Intra-articular cartilages
(discs or menisci)
3. Articular labrum
4. Synovial folds
5. Sesamoid bones
6. Synovial bursae

53. Intra-articular ligaments

54. Intra-articular cartilages
Menisci

55. Intra-articular cartilages
Discs

56. Articular labrum

57. Synovial folds

58. Sesamoid bones

59. Synovial bursae

60. Factors effecting the range of movements at synovial joints
Difference in square
of articulating surfaces
2. Combination of joints
3. Thickness of articular capsule
4. Extra-articular ligaments
5. Muscles surrounding joint
6. Presence of accessory structures

61. Plan of description of synovial joints
1.The Latin name of the joint
2.The names of articulating surfaces
3. Accessory joint structures
4.The characteristic of the joint according to the Classifications of Synovial Joints:
-based on the numbers of the articular surfaces (simple, compound, complex, combined):
-based on the number of the axes of movements (uni-axial, bi-axial or multi-axial) and shape of articulating surfaces:
5.The movements at the joint
6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint

62. Intervertebral Articulations
Vertebral discs, anterior and
posterior longitudinal ligaments
Ligamenta flava
Intertransverse ligaments
Interspinous ligaments,
supraspinous ligament
Intervertebral synovial joint
Vertebral bodies
Vertebral arches
Transverse
processes
Spinous
Articular processes

66. Intervertebral Joint 1.Articulatio intervertebralis (zygapophysialis)
2.The facets on the superior and inferior articular processes
3.No accessory structures
4. Classification of intervertebral joint:
-simple and combined (with upper and lower, right and left intervertebral joints);
-plan multi-axial joint.
5. The movements at the joints: flexion and extension; lateral flexions; rotation and circumduction of vertebral column.
6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments, ligamenta flava.

67. Articulations between atlas and axis
Median and lateral atlantoaxial
synovial joints
Articulations between atlas and skull
Atlantooccipital synovial joints

69. Median Atlantoaxial Joint
1.Articulatio atlantoaxialis mediana
2.The anterior and posterior facets on the dens; dental fovea on the atlas; transverse atlantal ligament
3.Transverse atlantal ligament
4. Classification of median atlantoaxial joint:
-simple and combined (with lateral atlantoaxial and atlantooccipital joints and with cervical intervertebral joints);
-trochoid uni-axial joint.
5. The movements at the joint: rotation of the head.
6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: alar ligament; ligament of the dental apex.

70. Lateral Atlantoaxial Joint
1.Articulatio atlantoaxialis lateralis
2.The superior articular facets of the axis and inferior articular facets of the atlas
No accessory structures
4. Classification of lateral atlantoaxial joint:
-simple and combined (with median and second lateral atlantoaxial joints, with atlantooccipital joints and with cervical intervertebral joints);
-plan.
5. The movements at the joint: gliding during the rotation of the head
6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: alar ligament; ligament of the dental apex.

71. Atlantooccipital Joint
1.Articulatio atlantooccipitalis
2.The superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles
No accessory structures
4. Classification of atlantooccipital joint:
-simple and combined (with median and lateral atlantoaxial joints and with cervical intervertebral joints);
-condylod bi-axial joint.
5. The movements at the joint: flexion and extension of the head; lateral flexions, circumduction)
6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: anterior and posterior atlantooccipital membrane; tectorial membrane

73. Articulations between ribs and vertebrae
Costovertebral joints:
1. Joint of costal head
2. Costotransverse joints

75. CostotransverseJoint
Joint of Costal Head
CostotransverseJoint
1.Articulatio costotransversarium
2.The facets on the costal tubercle and costal facets on the vertebral transverse processes
3. No accessory structures
1.Articulatio capitis costae
2.The facets on the costal head and costal facets on the vertebral bodies
3.Intra-articular ligament of costal head
4.Combined with each other; plane uni-axial
5. Rotation of posterior end of the ribs
6. Extra-articular ligament of the costal head; costotransverse ligament

78. Sternocostal Joint 1.Articulatio sternocostalis
2.Costal cartilages (II to VII) and costal notches of the sternum;
3.No accessory structures
4. Classification of sternocostal joint:
-simple and combined (with each other and with costovertebral joints);
-ellipsoidal uni-axial joint.
5. The movements at the joint: elevation and depression of anterior ends of the ribs
6.The ligaments reinforcing the joint: radiate sternocostal ligaments