1. Phonology The study of the organization of speech sounds in a language
How they function
How they are distributed

2. Do the sounds function to distinguish meaning?
Contrastiveness vs. noncontrastiveness
Do the sounds function to distinguish meaning?

3. Contrastive Inter-changing sounds > changes meaning of the word
English [p]/[b]:
[kæp] ‘cap’ vs. [kæb] ‘cab’
Hindi [ph]/[p]:
[phǝl] ‘fruit’ vs. [pǝl] ‘moment’

4. Minimal Pairs
Two (or more) words that differ only by a single sound in the same position
bin [bɪn] sin [sɪn]

5. bin [bɪn] pin [pɪn]
=> Contrast for voicing
pin [pɪn] tin [tɪn]
=> Contrast for place of articulation
tin [tɪn] sin [sɪn]
=> Contrast for manner of articulation
bin [bɪn] bean [bin]
=> Contrast for tenseness

6. Sounds in a minimal pair…
…contrast
…are unpredictable (i.e., must be learned)
…belong to different phonemes

7. Phoneme vs. Allophone Phoneme Allophone
A minimal unit of sound that serves to distinguish meaning between words
May be composed of a set of sounds (‘allophones’) that are considered by native speakers to be the ‘same’ sound
Allophone
The different phonetic realizations of a phoneme

8. [thap] [stap] [ lɪɾl ̩] [kɪʔn̩]
top stop little kitten
[thap] [stap] [ lɪɾl ̩] [kɪʔn̩]
/t/
[th] [t] [ɾ] [ʔ]
phoneme 
allophones 

9. Complementary Distribution
When two (or more) phonetically similar sounds never occur in exactly the same environment, but in complementary or mutually-exclusive environments
p/ph: [spæt] ‘spat’ [phæt] ‘pat’
[spul] ‘spool’ [phul] ‘pool’
[spik] ‘speak’ [phik] ‘peak’
Aspirated in syllable-initial position before a stressed vowel
Unaspirated after syllable-initial /s/

10. Minimal Pairs
=> Contrastive
Hindi:
[phǝl] ‘fruit’ vs. [pǝl] ‘moment’

11. Sounds in complementary distribution…
…are allophones of a single phoneme
…do not occur in minimal pairs
…are noncontrastive
…are predictable (based on environment)

12. Real-life analogy of complementary distribution

13. Distribution Set of phonetic environments in which a phone occurs
Contrastive Distribution
=> Same phonetic environment
(minimal pair)
Allophones of one Phoneme
=> Different phonetic environments

14. Japanese [s] and [ʃ] [sasɯ] ‘point’ [ʃiki] ‘seasons’
[sedai] ‘generation’
[onseː] ‘sound’
[mɯʃi] ‘bug’
[soʃiki] ‘organization’
[sɯ] ‘vinegar’

15. Tagalog [d] & [ɾ] [datiŋ] ‘arrive’ [dumi] ‘dirt’ [maɾami] ‘be many’
[lakad] ‘walk’
[daɾatiŋ] ‘will arrive’
[gilda] girl’s name
[matanda] ‘be old’
[maɾumi] ‘be dirty’

16. Mandarin Aspiration 1. [pɑŋ] 棒 ‘stick’ 2. [khoʊ] 口 ‘opening’
3. [tɑʊ] 到 ‘arrive’
4. [phɑŋ] 胖 ‘fat’
5. [koʊ] 狗 ‘dog’
6. [thaʊ] 套 ‘set’

17. Mandarin [æ] & [ɑ] 1. [pæn] 班 ‘class’ 2. [pɑŋ] 幫 ‘help’
3. [pin] 賓 ‘guest’
4. [piŋ] 兵 ‘soldier’