1. Classification
Unit 8

2. How did we go from simple single-celled organisms to the diversity of life we see today?
Picture
Terms
Define
anaerobic prokaryotes
(heterotrophs)
photosynthetic prokaryotes
(autotrophs)
Don’t need oxygen
No nucleus
Obtain energy by “eating”
Use light to make food
No nucleus
Make own food

3. unicellular eukaryotes
Picture
Terms
Define
aerobic prokaryotes
unicellular eukaryotes
multicellular eukaryotes
Cells that need oxygen
Cells without a nucleus
One cell
Cells with a nucleus
Many cells
Cells with a nucleus

4. Use the words below to match them with the correct definition
Multicellular
Heterotroph
Unicellular
Autotroph
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

5. Terms from the table (you should know each of these):
Prokaryotic
= no nucleus or membrane bound organelles; simple cells
= nucleus & membrane bound organelles (cells are more complex).
= organism made up of 1 cell
= organisms made up of many cells
= make usable energy/food internally (i.e. photosynthesis)
= needs to eat to gain energy
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
Multicellular
Autotroph
Heterotroph

6. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Classification of Living Things (Kingdom Characteristics)
Domain
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya
Kingdom
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Kingdom PROTISTA
Kingdom FUNGI
Kingdom PLANTAE
Kingdom ANIMALIA
Examples
Bacteria that live in harsh environments (extremophiles)
Bacteria that live in/on you, strep and E. coli
Paramecium, Amoeba and Euglena
Mushrooms, Mold and yeast (unicellular)
Mosses, Ferns, Pine trees, Flowering Plants
Sponges, Worms, Insects, Reptiles, Fish, Humans
Cell Type (Pro or Eukaryote)
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
Number of Cells (unicellular or multicellular)
All UNICELLULAR
Mostly UNICELLULAR
Mostly MULTICELLULAR
All MULTICELLULAR
All MULTICELLULAR
Cell Wall (absent or present)
Present
Present in some
PRESENT
ABSENT
Nutrition (Autotroph or Heterotroph)
Both (depends on type)
All are HETEROTROPH
All are AUTOTROPH
All are HETEROTROPH
Important Extra Info.
ALL BACTERIA used to be classified into one Kingdom called Kingdom Monera
Often categorized as plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like
Called the great decomposers
Carnivorous plants (ex: Venus flytrap) are stil considered autotrophs.
Only kingdom in which all organisms lack a cell wall.
VIRUSES are not living therefore they aren’t classified in any of the kingdoms.

7. Taxonomy biological molecules Linnaeus. Kingdoms Plants Animals
Once we had all of these different types of organisms, scientists wanted to organize or classify them. The classification system is constantly changing since new organisms are found and we have new techniques to look at the differences between the organisms. In the past, similarities in appearance were primarily used to group organisms. Now with new technology, scientists are using molecular evidence (DNA, RNA and proteins which are called _______________________ to group organisms.
biological molecules
Today, we classify all living organisms based upon a system that was developed over 200 years ago by a by a Swedish botanist named _____________
Linnaeus wanted to create a system that organized all living things into several broad categories that he called _________________________. At the time, scientists thought that every living thing fit into one of two kingdoms: _____________ and ______________
Linnaeus.
Kingdoms
Plants
Animals
Taxonomy
___________________________ – the study of placing organisms in to classification groups (or taxa) based upon characteristics that they possess.

8. HUMANS KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES
Linnaeus’s original classification system was made up of 7 levels called taxa (pleural form);
HUMANS
Linnaeus’s taxa (largest to smallest)
Example:__________________
(the broadest or largest taxon)
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primata
Hominidae
Homo
(the most specific or inclusive taxon)
sapiens
KINGDOM
PHYLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

9. Produce offspring that can have offspring
Each category continued to be divided into smaller and smaller groups until the only one type of organism, called a _________________________________ was identified.
Kingdom → Phylum → Class →Order →Family →Genus →species
To be the same species the organisms had to:
________________________________
___________________________________________________  
Similar organisms that may be the same genus but not the same species can sometimes reproduce under artificial conditions. Two examples of interbreeding between two different species are:
____________+ _____________=> MULE ………Mule x Mule = no offspring
Lion + Tiger => _______________ => ­­­__________x__________= no offspring
Species
Be able to reproduce
Produce offspring that can have offspring
Horse
Donkey
Liger
Liger
Liger
In the above examples, the parents are different species which results in their offspring being sterile (meaning that when the offspring reach adulthood, they are unable to have their own offspring).

10. Current Classification System
_____________________- a new level (which is larger than a kingdom) has been added to the current classification system. Based on new research, all living things in the six kingdoms were placed into one of the 3 Domains:
Domain Bacteria - includes all of kingdom _______________________ (also known as the ‘true bacteria’)
Domain Archaea - includes all of the kingdom __________________ (also known as the ‘ancient bacteria’)
Domain Eukarya - includes the kingdoms _______________________, _______________________, __________________ & _________________________ (all of which are eukaryotes)
Domain
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

11. OMAIN INGDOM HYLUM LASS RDER AMILY ENUS PECIES
Fill in the correct taxa for the new (current) structure of the classification system:
OMAIN
INGDOM
HYLUM
LASS
RDER
AMILY
ENUS
PECIES

12. binomial nomenclature SCIENTIFIC NAME LATIN HUMANS GENUS SPECIES
Linnaeus also created a system of naming all living things called ____________________ _____________________.
According to this system, each organism should be given a two-word name, called a________________________________.
The same name is used for a species regardless of the language that a person speaks or the region they live in.
Most names are in______________________.
Rules for writing Scientific names:
Ex: The scientific name for _________________is Homo sapiens
The first word of each name is the organism’s ________________(i.e. Homo).
The first letter of this name should always be capitalized and written in italic letters.
The second word of each organism’s name is the ______________ _indentifier
(i.e sapiens). This name should always be in all lower case and written in italic letters
binomial
nomenclature
SCIENTIFIC NAME
LATIN
HUMANS
GENUS
SPECIES

13. Ways to Show Evolutionary Relationships:
– Classifying organisms based upon their evolutionary relationships.
Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree is a diagram that looks a bit like a family tree, showing who the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Each of these creatures has an evolutionary relationship to one another.
They all share a common origin, and their current forms are all derived from branching events somewhere in the phylogenetic past.
Phylogeny

14. Cladogram or Phylogenetic tree

15. Use the cladogram to answer the following questions:
Which animal is the most primitive?
What features are shared by the salamander & mouse?
Does the hagfish possess a jaw?
Why is the derived characteristic ‘feathers’ not written on the main axis like all of the other characteristics?
HAGFISH
JAWS & LUNGS NO
BECAUSE ONLY BIRDS HAVE FEATHERS

16. Classification Keys
A classification key, also knows as a Dichotomous key, is useful in identifying unknown organisms (but is not limited to being used with living things).
Use the dichotomous key to identify the organisms by their scientific names.
Organism A
Organism B
Organism C
Organism D
Passer
domesticus
Ophiophagus hannah
Pinus
ponderosa
Monodon monoceros

17. 1a. organism with two or four functional legs . . .
go to 2
1b. organism without two or four legs
go to 3
2a. organism without wings
Canis familiaris
2b. organism with wings
Passer domesticus
3a. organism is unicellular
go to 4
3b. organism is multicellular
go to 5
4a. organism swims freely in water
Balantidium sp
4b. organism is anchored to substrate
Stentor sp.
5a. organism is heterotrophic
go to 6
5b. organism is autotrophic
go to 7
6a. organism lives in ocean
Monodon monoceros
6b. organism lives on land
Ophiophagus hannah
7a. organism is a tree
Pinus ponderosa
7b. organism is an herb
Taraxicum officinale

18. Reflection Questions
Why would it be important for scientific names to be written the same world wide?
Write your first and last name as if it was a scientific name. *HINT-Follow the rules (capitalization and italics/underlined)
How do we know viruses are nonliving?