1. Lecture 7b- 28 February 2019
Vitamins in metabolism and regulation
Most of this lecture taken from
Chapters 7,10,11 of Rolfes et al(Understanding Normal and Clinical Nutrition
(Nutrition 2104/2105 text)

2. Outline of lectures 7a,b
Vitamins
    Definition of vitamins
    Overview
    Bioavailability
    Precursors
    Organic nature
    Solubility
        Water soluble vitamins
        Fat soluble vitamins
    Toxicity
    Class exercise

3. Outline of lectures 7a,b
Water Soluble vitamins
    B vitamins and C
    Found in what foods
   

4. Outline of lectures 7a,b
B class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
        Thiamine
        Riboflavin
        Niacin
        Biotin
        Pantothenic acid
        B6
        folate
        B12
        Class exercise

5. Outline of lectures 7a,b
Fat soluble vitamins
    Found in what foods
    Fat soluble vitamins class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
        A
        D
        E
        K
    Class exercise

6. More detailed comments

7. Water Soluble vitamins
    B vitamins and C
    Found in what foods
        Thiamine-whole grains
        Riboflavin-milk products or whole grains
        Niacin-meat, eggs, fish, poultry, whole grains
        Biotin-widespread in foods, organ meats, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains, GI bacteria
       

8. Water Soluble vitamins
    B vitamins and C
    Found in what foods
           Pantothenic acid-widespread in foods, organ meats, broccoli, whole grains
        B6-meat, fish, poultry, legumes, fortified cereals
        folate-fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes
        B12-animal products, fortified cereals

9. B class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
Thiamine-part of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-a coenzyme-small organic molecule that associates closely with certain  enzymes
                                                                                -TPP removes carbon from pyruvate to make acetyl CoA
                                                                                TPP participates in Krebs cycle
       

10. B class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
Riboflavin-part of co-enzymes FMN(flavin mononucleotide) and FAD(flavin adenine dinucleotide) (used in energy metabolism)
                       -used in energy metabolism
       

11. B class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
Niacin-part of co-enzymes NAD(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP(its phosphate form)-used in energy metabolism
Biotin-part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis
Pantothenic acid-part of co-enzyme A-used in energy metabolism

12. B class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
B6-part of coenzymes PLP(pyroxidal phosphate) and PMP(pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism;
helps convert tryptophan to niacin and serotonin
folate-part of THF(tetrahydrofolate) and DHF(dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis
       

13. B class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
B12-part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cells synthesis(THF metabolism)
      -reforms folate coenzyme
      -assists in catabolism of some fatty acids and amino acids
-figure 10-13
       

14. Figure 10.13: Animated! Metabolic Pathways Involving B Vitamins.
These metabolic pathways were introduced in Chapter 7 and are presented here to highlight the many coenzymes that facilitate the reactions. These coenzymes depend on the following vitamins:
• NAD and NADP: niacin • FMN and FAD: riboflavin • TPP: thiamin • THF: folate • CoA: pantothenic acid • PLP: vitamin B6 • B12: vitamin B12 • Biotin
Pathways leading toward acetyl CoA and the TCA cycle are catabolic, and those leading toward amino acids, glycogen, and fat are anabolic. For further details, see Appendix C.
Fig , p. 347

15.                                                        
E:\Media\Animations\chapter10\Metabolic_Pathways\1013.html

16. B VITAMINS
REGULATION OF METABOLISM
IS BY DEGREE OF PRESENCE OF CORRECT FORM OF VITAMIN

17. -citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables,
Vitamin C- found in what foods –
-citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables,
dark green vegetables(bell peppers and broccoli), cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papaya, mangoes

18. Vitamin C-functions
        -collagen synthesis
        -forms scar tissue(collagen)
        -forms collagen matrix for bone growth
        -antioxidant (toxic doses-prooxidant)
        -thyroxin synthesis
        -amino acid metabolism(conversion of tryptophan to serotonin and norepinephrine)
         -helps in absorption of iron
                                                   

19. Vitamin C-regulation of metabolism
       
REGULATION OF METABOLISM
IS BY DEGREE OF PRESENCE OF CORRECT FORM OF VITAMIN                                                    

20. Class exercise Explain the connections between source
and function of each of the
water soluble vitamins
                                                  

21. Fat soluble vitamins
    Found in what foods
        A- retinol-fortified milk, cheese, cream, eggs, liver
            -Beta-carotene-spinach, dark leafy greens, broccoli, apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, sweet potato
        D-sunlight, fortified milk, butter, cereals; veal, fish
        E-polyunsaturated plant oils, leafy green vegetables, liver, yolks
        K-gi bacteria synthesis, leafy green vegetables, cabbage type vegetables, milk

22. Fat soluble vitamins class-roles in metabolism and regulation of metabolism
        A -retinol-protein synthesis
                        -rhodopsin synthesis
                        -not antioxidant(lipids)
     
            -Beta-carotene-antioxidant
        D-regulates bone mineral metabolism, primarily calcium
        E-antioxidant of lipids(fatty acids)
        K-activates blood clotting proteins
                                                   

23. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
REGULATION OF METABOLISM
IS BY DEGREE OF PRESENCE OF CORRECT FORM OF VITAMIN
                                                   

24. Class exercise
            Explain the connections between source
and function of each of the
fat soluble vitamins