1. Section VI: Comprehension
Teaching Reading Sourcebook 2nd edition

2. Reader Competencies
Each reader brings unique competencies that affect comprehension.
Comprehension builds upon the reader’s
speed and accuracy of decoding;
reading fluency;
vocabulary size;
general world knowledge;
specific comprehension strategies.

3. Dimensions of Text Content: subject matter
Genre: category of literature
Structure: narrative story structure or informational
Language: author’s expression of ideas: tone, voice
Adept diction: skillful and precise use of words
Writing quality: text clarity and coherence
Complexity: readability: words, sentences, concepts
Graphic design features: physical features of text
Media: means of communication: print, web-based

4. Elements of Comprehension
Text
Narrative
Informational
Activity
Purpose for reading: identifying reading task
Processes for reading: determining approach for reading
Consequences of reading: increased knowledge, engagement
Context
Social and cultural factors: school, family, community
Narrative
Expresses ideas and tells a story: fictional or real.
Informational
Explains, persuades or gives facts: exposition, procedures etc.

5. What Good Readers Do Before During Reading After Reading
Set goal or purpose
Preview text; make predictions
During Reading
Connect to world knowledge, make inferences
Adjust reading by skimming, focusing, rereading, notes
Check and adapt predictions, summarize passages
Ask questions, respond and evaluate text
Monitor comprehension, check and repair
After Reading
Reread, summarize, reflect
Determine how information can be used and recalled

6. Comprehension Strategies
Recognizing text structure
guides reader in identifying and recalling key information.
Predicting
involves word knowledge and cues in text and helps the reader set purpose and recall text.
Monitoring (metacognition)
involves the reader’s knowledge and control of cognitive processes.
Connecting to world knowledge
involves activating schema and applying known to new in text.

7. Comprehension Strategies
Asking questions
about the text fosters comprehension and provides self-assessment.
Answering questions
aids as answers may be found in the text itself and in the students’ own knowledge.
Summarizing
helps students’ awareness of text structure and relationship between ideas in text.
Constructing Mental Images
promotes active processing of text and provides structure for organizing and remembering text.

8. Comprehension Instruction
Explicit Strategy Instruction
Direct explanation
Modeling
Guided practice
Independent practice
Scaffolding
Process: shifting responsibility for learning from teacher to student
Tools: graphic organizers, prompts, cooperative learning, read-aloud methods
Contextualized Instruction
Occurs in the context of reading conceptually challenging, relevant, high-interest texts.

9. Reader Response
Meaning is constructed through interaction between the reader and the text.
Different readers respond in different ways.
Readers in collaboration often produce meanings no single reader could.
Discussion and writing are effective ways to foster reader response.
Discussion Oriented Instruction: teacher guided/ student-led discussions, book clubs, literacy circles
Writing into (before), writing through (during) writing out (after)

10. Instruction for Ells
Reading comprehension is closely tied to oral language proficiency .
Promote language production and vocabulary acquisition while working on comprehension skills.
Explicit and direct instruction actively engages students in monitoring their use of strategies in comprehension process.
For novice readers in their primary language: provide explicit word-level skills instruction to help them attain the level of performance of native English speakers.
For able readers in their primary language: emphasize transferring strategies from their native language to English .