1. From Feudalism to Economic Expansion and Change
Unit 2 Section 4
Essential Standards: How do religions influence political power and create cultural unity in European Regions?
I can: identify how all religions are similar. I can trace & give examples of how beliefs influence actions.

2. The Manor Economy Feudalism
The manor heart of the medieval economy. Peasants (serf) & lords were bound by mutual obligation (military service-serf, protection-lord).
Feudalism
Lords divided their land among lesser lords. Exchange, vassals, pledged service to the greater lord (feudal contract). Powerful lords granted his vassal a fief (track of land).
explained
The peasant or serfs worked for the lord.

3. Agricultural Revolution
three-field system ( 1 field grain, 1 legumes, 1 fallow)
Pop. explosion: b/w 1000 & 1300, pop. of doubled.
Trade in Medieval Europe, 1000–1300
trade increased
Trade fairs (rivers) cities developed as small centers of trade
New farming technologies: iron plow, harness, windmill Increase in food production

4. A Commercial Revolution
Reintro. of money develop new business practices,:
banks
partnerships
bill of exchange
Social Changes Due to Commercial Rev.
Peasants became tenant farmers.
New middle class of merchants & traders
Usury lending money at interest. (Jews only).
The revival of trade led to a revolution in commerce.

5. Guilds Merchants & artisans formed associations called guilds.
Dominated town life, passing laws, and levying taxes.
Becoming a guild member:
First had to become an apprentice, trainee, to a guild master 7 yrs.)
Later journeymen, salaried workers.
Women could apprentice & did dominate in some trades.

6. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Royal Power Grows (1050–1450)
Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
Monarchs limited power.
Monarchs expand their power:
royal courts
taxation
standing armies
ties w/the middle class
Nobles and the Church had as much—or more—power than the monarchs.

7. Henry II claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts.
Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, opposed the king.
King John lost Normandy to the Phillip II. Innocent III had him excommunicated & placed England under the interdict.
1170 Becket is murdered by 4 hooded knights. Becket was honored as a martyr & declared a saint.
Pilgrims go to his tomb in Canterbury. (Canterbury Tales)

8. Successful Monarchs in France
Philip II (Phillip Augustus)
Capetians-Hugh Capet
standing army
Sent knights to help the pope
throne hereditary
effective bureaucracy
suppress Albignesians in the south of France.

9. Louis IX (King and Saint)
Philip IV
Louis IX (King and Saint)
Ended serfdom centralized monarchy
Clashed w/ Pope Boniface over taxing the clergy.
Estates General: never gained the “power of the purse.”
1305 a Frenchman is elected as pope & moves the papal court to Avignon.