1. (OPEN PROGRAM OF LEARNING
OPLAS
(OPEN PROGRAM OF LEARNING
&
ASSISTING STUDENTS)
Biochemistry
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2. BIOCHEMISTRY Introduction to carbohydrate
Structure & Properties of Fat & Lipid
Structure of Protein
Denaturation & Renaturation of Protein
Enzymes

3. Introduction to Carbohydrate
The major organic constituents of the cell are carbohydrate, lipids and protein. These are macroelement or polymer made up by individual unit or molecule called Monomers
The monomers are joined by
a chemical process known
as condensation which
means the removal of water.
Monomers can be obtained
from polymers by
breakdown a process known
as hydrolysis which means
the breaking process by
addition of water.

4. CARBOHYDRATE
Are the organic compound which contains the element such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The general formula of carbohydrate is Cx(H2O)y where by x and y are variable number
Carbohydrate means hydrate of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are present in equal proportion in water.

5. Classification of carbohydrate
Classes of Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate are
divided into three
classes, theses are;
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharides

6. MONOSACCHARIDES
These are the simple, sweat and unit monomers carbohydrate. The general
formula of monosaccharide is (CH2O)y where y = 6. Monosaccharides are
classified according to their number of carbon in which we classify into six (6)
classes;
TRIOSE: This is the simple monosaccharide which contains carbon three. For example glyceraldehydes (C3H6O3).
TETROSE: This is the type of monosaccharide which contains four (4) number of carbon. For example C4H8O4
PENTOSE: This is the simple type of monosaccharide which contains 5 number of carbon. For example Ribose and deoxyribose (C5H10O5)
HEXOSE: This is the compound which contains 6 number of carbon. For example glucose, fructose and galactose (C4H12O6)

7. Functions of Monosaccharide
Pentose
It used in the synthesis of nucleic acid e.g. RNA and DNA
It used in the synthesis of some enzyme e.g. NAD and NADP
It used in the synthesis of carbon dioxide receptor in photosynthesis
It used in the synthesis of ATP
Hexose
Source of energy in body by cell respiration
Synthesis of disaccharide
e.g glucose + glucose → Maltose
Glucose + fructose → Sucrose
Synthesis of polysaccharide

8. DISACCHARIDE
A disaccharide or biose is the carbohydrate formed when two
monosaccharides undergo a condensation reaction which involves
the elimination of a small molecule, such as water, from the
functional groups only.
Also disaccharides are sweat,small molecules and very soluble in water, disaccharides can be crystalline and their names always end with “ose”. Usually the formula of disaccharides is C12H22O11.
Some disaccharide are reducing sugar and some are non reducing sugar. The most dissacchhardes are maltose, lactose (reducing sugar) and Sucrose (non reducing sugar).

9. Structure of disaccharides
The bond formed between two monomers as a result of condensation is called Glycocidic bond and is normal formed between carbon atom in 1 and 4 of neighboring unit.

10. Examples of Disaccharides
Maltose
It occur during the digestion of starch by
amylase enzymes and maltose it used in
industrial for making a bear by barley
grain.
Starch Maltose
Lactose
This is the milk sugar and exclusively
found in milk. It is source of energy in
young mammals. Lactose slowly digested
and hence gives a slow steady release
of energy
Sucrose
It is a cane sugar and it the most
abundant in nature. Most commonly
found in plant where it is transported in
large quantities through phloem tissue.
Phloem transport sucrose than starch
because it is very soluble and therefore
can be moved efficiently in high
concentration also it is a chemical
uncreative and does not disturb the
metabolism

11. Function of Sucrose It is used to manufacture of wine
It used to manufacture of perfume
It used to manufacture of sprit

12. POLYSACCHARIDE
Polysaccharides are macromolecules or polymers. They are not sweat and also insoluble in water or slightly soluble in water also they are not crystalline and can be liquid or powder.
Polysaccharide are made by joining many monomer and the general formula of polysaccharides is( Cx(H2O))y. Examples of polysaccharide are cellulose, glycogen, starch, chitin, Murein etc.

13. Starch has two components
Components of Starch
Starch
Is the polymer of glucose, it is
major food storage in plants but
absence in animals. It is very
easily to convert to glucose. In
germinating seeds this glucose
may be used to make other
materials needed for growth.
Starch has two components
Amylose
Amylopectin
Amylose
It has a straight chain in structure
consisting of several thousand
glucose residue joined by 1,4
glycocidic bond, this bond cause
the chain to coil helically into a
compound shape.
A suspension in water gives a blue black colour with iodine solution

14. cont….
Amylopectin
It is compacted branched compound of starch formed by 1,6 glycocidic bond, the number of glucose is twice than that amylase. A test of starch gives a red – vioet or purple
Starch molecules accumulate to form starch grains these are found in many plants cell in the chloroplast of leaves, in storage organ such as potato, tuber and in seeds of cereals .

15. Structure of Cellulose
Are polymer/macromolecules of β – glucose with different structure from starch and glycogen. Cellulose is formed by 1,4 glycocidic bond of β – cell.
Cellulose is very abundant in plant since it is a structural components of the cell wall, about 50% of carbon found in plants is in cellulose also it found in non vertebrate animals and pre- existing fungi
It is most abundant organic molecules on earth due to its structure components of all plants cell wall i.e. 20 – 40% of the wall plant is cellulose

16. Structure of Cellulose & Functions
Function of Cellulose
Plants cells are prevented from bursting by having several layers of cellulose when water enter by osmosis
Also help to maintain the shape of the cell since the direction in which they expand depends on the way the layer are arranged.

17. cont….
Cellulose layer are fully permeable to water and solutes and hence provide transport system to the cell.
Commercially cellulose is an important for making goods and in constituents of paper and sellotape.
A cell inflates with water pressure develops inside it and the cell become turgid, turgid cell help support plant which lack wood

18. Introduction to Glycogen
Structure of Glycogen
Introduction to Glycogen
It is storage polysaccharides made from α-glucose, it found in animals. It is similar structure to amylopectin but it has more number of glucose
It is folded in the liver (animals) and muscles where it provide energy serve and also many fungi store glycogen
It is convention to glucose controlled by hormone insulin from pancrease. Glycogen forms tiny granules insides cells which are usually associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum

19. The End About Carbohydrate