1. Government

2. Evolution of Private & Public Spheres
Men Institutions Dominate public realm
Political
Economic
Social
Women Home Relegated to private realm
Men dominated private realm

3. Formal v. Informal Politics
Public sphere= Formal politics
Top-down approach
Governs economy
Private sphere= Informal politics
Bottom-up approach
Grassroots mvts.
Activitism
Community-based activities

4. Barriers to ♀’s Political Participation Political
Laws
Type of electoral system
Type of gov’t
Harder to get elected in democracy
Lack of networks
Fewer opportunities
Image as nonpolitical
Women as ineffective leaders
Small qualified pool
Lack of demand
Glass ceiling

5. Barriers to ♀’s Political Participation: Economic
Domestic and household work
Dependence on men as earners
Men relatively make more than women
Family obligations
Lack of campaign money

6. Barriers to ♀’s Political Participation: Social
Education/literacy
Lack of social networks
Familial expectations
Media
Stereotypes
Sexism
Classism
Racism
Sexual orientation discrimination
Religious norms
Cultural norms
Male family influence’
Harassment

7. ↑‘Critical Mass' of ♀'s Representation
Electoral system reform
Can’t rely on voting alone
Male influence, illiteracy, ignorance of system
Quotas
Party leadership or gov’t
Tokenism
Women’s-only parties

8. Common Issues ♀ Candidates Face
Very few worldwide
Many are 1st to serve in their country
Tend not to be in office very long
Similarities by region/continent
Held to higher standards than men
Tend to ignore women’s issues
Subject to public prejudices, even harassment
Can’t put family first (like men)
Can’t discuss successes- considered bragging
More physically scrutinized