1. Science
Process and Product

2. Common Sense MINIMAL KNOWLEDGE FOR EVERY DAY PROBLEM PUSH TOO FAR
NOT "TRUTH"

3. Limitations to Common Sense
EXPERIENCE LIMITED – not so “common”
INTERPRETATIONS BIASED
MIND "PLAYS TRICKS"
SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
CONVENIENCE
SEEK ACCEPTANCE
DESIRE CERTAINTY

4. Approaches to Knowledge
AUTHORITARIAN
MYSTICAL
RATIONALISTIC
SCIENTIFIC

5. Distinguishing Features
PRODUCER (WHO SAYS SO?)
PROCEDURE (HOW DO YOU KNOW?)
EFFECT (WHAT DIFFERENCE DOES IT MAKE?)

6. Authoritarian Mode
THOSE SOCIALLY OR POLITICALLY DEFINED AS QUALIFIED PRODUCERS
ORACLES IN TRIBAL SOCIETIES
ARCHBISHOPS IN THEOCRATIC SOCIETIES
KINGS IN MONARCHICAL SOCIETIES
SCIENTISTS IN TECHNOCRATIC SOCIETIES
THE AUTHORITY (POSITION) IS THE BASIS FOR KNOWING THAT WHAT IS SAID IS "TRUE“
CAN RESULT TO REPLACEMENT OF AUTHORITY ‑ LARGE # OF REFUTATIONS

7. Mystical Mode
KNOWLEDGE SOLICITED FROM PROPHETS, DIVINES, GODS, MEDIUMS
DEPENDENT UPON MANIFESTATIONS OF SUPERNATURAL SIGNS AND ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF THE KNOWLEDGE CONSUMER - e.g. HELPLESSNESS, DEPRESSION, INTOXICATION
e.g. ASTROLOGY, ANIMISTIC RELIGIONS
NOTE: CONFIDENCE DECREASES WITH THE NUMBER OF DISCONFIRMATIONS AND THE INCREASE IN LEVEL OF EDUCATION

8. Rationalistic Mode
TOTALITY OF KNOWLEDGE CAN BE ACQUIRED BY STRICT ADHERENCE TOTHE FORMS AND THE RULES OF LOGIC
CONCERN WITH WHAT MUST BE TRUE IN PRINCIPLE AND WITH WHAT IS LOGICALLY POSSIBLE AND PERMISSIBLE
A PRIORI KNOWLEDGE EXISTS AND IT IS INDEPENDENT OF THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE
PURE MATHEMATICS AND FORMAL LOGIC
NO NEED TO SUBMIT THE ARGUMENTS TO EMPIRICAL TEST

9. Science - defined OBJECTIVE LOGICAL SYSTEMATIC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS of
PHENOMENA
DEVISED for the
ACCUMULATION of
RELIABLE
KNOWLEDGE

10. Knowledge or Belief Knowledge Belief
Proposition accepted as “true” based on empirical verification
Belief
Proposition accepted as “true” regardless of the basis

11. Science Cycle

12. Science Cycle - Dimensions

13. A Puzzle
GIVEN THE FOLLOWING DISTRIBUTIONS, HOW LIKELY IS IT THAT THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEX AND LEVEL OF CLASS FORMALIZATION?
SEX:
MALES: n = FEMALES: n =95
LEVEL OF CLASS FORMALIZATION
FORMAL: n = INFORMAL: n = 81