1. Option E: Neurobiology and Behavior

2. E.2.1 Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, including mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors and photoreceptors.
A wide range of stimuli can be detected by diverse __________
in humans.
Each receptor is __________
to its stimulus and adapted
to suit its function.

3. - changes in _______ e.g. touch, pain, and tension receptors
_________________
- changes in _______ e.g. touch, pain, and tension receptors
- changes in _______ e.g. touch receptors in skin
- changes in _______ e.g. inner ear for hearing and balance
_________________
- chemical _________ e.g. taste in tongue, CO2 concentration
in the blood
- chemical _________ e.g. smell in the nose
_________________
- electromagnetic radiation
e.g. _____ and _____ cells in the retina
_________________
- changes in ______________
- thermoreceptive nerve endings in skin

4. E.2.2 Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye.

5. E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves.
The _________ is responsible for focusing the image to the retina.

6. E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves.
The _________ focuses light onto the retina.
Light directly hits the ______, with densely-
packed rods and cones.
All information is processed by retina and
converted to _________________,
which is carried to the brain by the
____________.
____________ is where there
are no rod and cone cells. This
is where _____________ meets
retina.
Your brain fills in the rest!!

7. The Blind Spot
Move closer or further away, the image
of the dot falls on the retina and so is
perceived.
This illusion shows us that
the blind spot of the right
eye falls within the ______
part of the retina - which is
responsible for collecting
stimuli from the _______
visual field.

8. Visual Fields = the range over which an eye can ____________
__________________.
Light from your ________ visual field falls onto the ________
side of the retina and vice versa.

9. Stimuli from _____________________ are processed in the
_____________________ of the occipital lobe. Therefore,
_____ sides of the brain process images from ________ eyes.

10. E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves.

11. E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves.
Light reflects of choroid and hits ___________.
Pigments in rods and cones ____________.
This stimulates an _______________.
Synapses pass impulses from __________ to __________
and then to the _____________.
5. Ganglia carry the impulse via the ________ to the ________.

12. Wavelength sensitivity Receptor: ganglion ratio
E.2.4 Compare rod and cone cells.
Rod Cells
Comparison
Cone Cells
Dominant in ______ light conditions (“bleached” in bright light)
Light brightness
Dominant ________ light conditions (not activated in dim light)
_____ type
Diversity
_______ types
Throughout _______
Distribution
Concentrated around ________
Responsive to ____ visible wavelengths
Wavelength sensitivity
Short – ________
Medium – greens
Long – _______
______: many rods connect to one ganglion
Receptor: ganglion ratio
_______(even 1:1)
_________
Visual acuity

13. Receptive Fields and Processing Stimuli
A receptive field is the area of the retina over which a single
ganglion collects stimuli.
Many ____________ feed into one ganglion.
Gives a __________________ and
__________________
Differences in _______ within the receptive
field are not likely to be perceived with clarity.
_________ feed into their own ganglion cells.
Gives many _____________________ and
__________________.
Different types of cone cells detect different
___________ of light and can perceive small
details.

14. Photoreceptors are densely packed in the _________,
with a ______ ratio of cone : ganglion cells.
The ratio _________, giving _________ receptive fields
further away from the fovea.
There are two types of retinal ganglion:
1) ____________ by light hitting the edge of the receptive
field and ___________ by light hitting the center.
2) ____________ by light hitting the edge of the receptive

15. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
The __________ is the first step in visual perception.
The ________ receives information about where the biggest
______________________ are in the receptive field, and
This is processed into an image.
It also allows the brain to ___________________ in the
receptive field, such as in the + and o illusion.
This is an example of _________________________.

16. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
When light falls onto a receptor, it is _______________.
If light also falls onto its neighboring receptors, they
__________ each other. The gray spots on the grid
are the result of _______________________________
in your retina.
Areas of white next to each other
cause _____________ of receptors
in between, giving the illusion of
being slightly __________.

17. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.

18. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
Images are focused by the__________ and ________.
An _________________ is focused to the retina.
________ eyes send visual information to _______ sides
of the brain by ___________________ = information
from the ___________ of the retina ( _________ retina)
are crossed over.

19. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
The __________________ carry the visual nerve impulse
to the ____________________ in the ___________ lobe.
This is called ____________________________.
This means that ________
sides of the brain are
responsible for processing
information from _______
eyes.

20. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
Both eyes have a _______ and
________ visual field.
The ________ side of each
retina collects light from the
________ visual field and vice
versa.

21. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
Retina receives stimuli with ______________________ ↓
____________________ carry nerve impulses through the ______________ to the brain.
The nasal ganglia cross over at the __________________
through __________________ processing.
The _____ side of visual cortex processes images on both _____ retinas (hence _____ visual fields).
The _______________ constructs images in the brain

22. E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.
Because the two eyes are
_______, the images are
slightly different.
This _______________
vision leads to the
production of a _____
image and ____________.
The _________ image that
hits the retina is also
corrected.

23. E.2.6 Label a diagram of the ear.
The ear is an example of _________________ in action:
____________ in the air are converted into ___________
____________.