1. Biology Journal 3/25/2014 Hair cells are the receptors inside of the cochlea that are stimulated by vibrations in the liquid in the cochlea. A person may go deaf by having these cells damaged. A cochlear implant uses a speaker on the side of the head and stimulates the hair cell receptors electronically, causing a user to hear sound. Which parts in the hearing process are bypassed with a cochlear implant?

2. E.2 Perception of Stimuli E.2.1 Outline the diversity of stimuli that can be detected by human sensory receptors, including:  Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors Details of how each receptor functions are not required. E.2.2 Label a diagram of the structure of the human eye. The diagram should include:  sclera, cornea, conjunctiva, eyelid, lens, choroid, aqueous humour, pupil,  iris, vitreous humour, retina, fovea, optic nerve, blind spot E.2.3 Annotate a diagram of the retina to show the cell types and the direction in which light moves. Include names of rod and cone cells, bipolar neurons and ganglion cells. E.2.4 Compare rod and cone cells. Include:  use in dim light versus bright light  one type sensitive to all visible wavelengths versus three types sensitive to red, blue and green light  passage of impulses from a group of rod cells to a single nerve fibre in the optic nerve versus passage from a single cone cell to a single nerve fibre E.2.5 Explain the processing of visual stimuli, including edge enhancement and contralateral processing.  Edge enhancement occurs within the retina and can be demonstrated with the Hermann grid illusion.  Contralateral processing is due to the optic chiasma, where the right brain processes information from the left visual field and vice versa. This can be illustrated by the abnormal perceptions of patients with brain lesions. E.2.6 Label a diagram of the ear. Include:  Pinna, eardrum, bones of the middle ear  oval window, round window, semicircular canals  auditory nerve, cochlea E.2.7Explain how sound is perceived by the ear, including the roles of the eardrum, bones of the middle ear, oval and round windows, and the hair cells of the cochlea.

3. Name of sensory neuron What it detects 1Chemicals 2Electromagnetic radiation 3Temperature 4Pressure, texture, vibration What neurons go in the blanks?

4. Name of sensory neuron What it detects 1ChemoreceptorsChemicals 2PhotoreceptorsElectromagnetic radiation 3ThermoreceptorsTemperature 4MechanoreceptorsPressure, texture, vibration What neurons go in the blanks?

5. Compare rods and cones in a Venn diagram.

6. RodsBothCones Stimulated by light intensity Photoreceptors Stimulated by color Found all over retina Connected to bipolar cells, ganglia, and optic nerve Found mostly in fovea Work under any amount of light Cooperate to make 1 image that is processed in the visual cortex of brain Only work under high-light conditions (not in the dark) 1 type 3 types: blue, green, red Rod shaped Cone shaped

7. 1 12 13 11 10 2 4 5 9 8 7 6 3 Name these parts of the eye. For extra credit, state what they do!

8. 1. Pupil opening that lets light in 12. Sclera protective outer layer 13. Conjunctiva protective outer layer of pupil, secretes mucus 11. Eyelid protection, cleaning 10. Choroid layer of light- absorbing pigment 2. Aqueous Humor transparent jelly 4. Iris muscles that control size of pupil; gives “eye color” 5. Vitreous humor transparent liquid 9. Retina mostly rod cells 8. Fovea area of concentrated cone cells 7. Blind Spot no receptor cells 6. Optic Nerve carries nerve impulses to brain 3. Lens adjusts to focus light on retina

9. 2 1 3 4 Name these parts of the retina!

10. Rod cell Cone cell Bipolar cell Ganglion cell

11. Rod cell Cone cell Bipolar cell Ganglion cell 1. When light hits the retina, list the order in which it passes through each of these cells. 2. When an action potential happens, list the order in which it goes through each of these cells.

12. Rod cell Cone cell Bipolar cell Ganglion cell 1.ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods/cones 2. rods/cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

13. 1.Where is vision processed in the brain? 2.What is contralateral processing? 1.Vision is processed in the back of the brain, in an area called the primary visual cortex. 2.The left sides of both eyes are processed on the right side of the brain. The right sides of both eyes are processed on the left side of the brain.

14. 1 3 5 4 6 7 8 2 Name these parts of the ear. For extra credit, state what they do!

15. 1. Eardrum vibrated by air pressure changers due to sound waves 3. Semicircular Canals balance (is not involved in hearing) 5. Cochlea tiny hairs respond to individual wavelengths of sound, generating action potential 4. Auditory Nerve transmits nerve signals to brain 6.Oval Window transmits vibrations from middle ear bones to inner ear 7. Round Window dissipates vibrations (lessens and lessens “old” sounds) 8. Pinna collects sound waves 2. Middle Ear Bones Stimulated by ear drum, knock against each other to magnify sound

16. HearingSight Sound wavesLight waves Mechanoreceptors1 2Optic nerve Hair cells3 Cochlea4 5Pupil Complete the table comparing the sense of hearing to the sense of sight!

17. HearingSight Sound wavesLight waves MechanoreceptorsPhotoreceptors Auditory NerveOptic nerve Hair cellsRods / Cones CochleaRetina PinnaPupil Complete the table comparing the sense of hearing to the sense of sight!

18. Many parts of the ear vibrate in order to create the sense that we call sound. State, in order, which parts vibrate. Then, what converts the vibrations into action potentials?

19. The sequence of vibrating parts is: Eardrum Middle ear bones Liquid inside of cochlea Hair cells inside of cochlea When the hair cells vibrate, they turn the signal into an action potential!

20. What do the oval and round windows do? The last bone of the middle ear bones presses against the oval window on the cochlea, causing vibrations. The round window dampens and gets rid of “old” sounds.

21. Edge enhancement makes edges that you see seem darker. How does it work? Photoreceptors (rods and cones) repress nearby photoreceptors of from the same wavelength. So, different wavelengths (edges) are not repressed; they’re made artificially sharper!