1. Agenda Journal? Writing Pre-Test?
Discussion – how would you fix Europe
Notes
Intro map assignment/Album project
Crash Course?

2. Second Revolution
November 1917-Communist leader Vladimir Lenin seizes power
Lenin insisted on ending Russian involvement in the war
Offers truce with Germany
the Treaty of Brest – Litovsk signed (march 1918), withdrew Russia from war
very harsh; Russia lost 25% of land and population

3. Final Offensive
Russian’s withdrawal allowed Germany to send nearly all its forces to the Western Front
March 1918, Germany mounts final offensive on the Allies in France
By May 1918 they have again reached the Marne River (less than 40 miles from Paris)

4. Final Offensive Reaching Marne had weakened Germany
Allies, with 140,000 fresh US troops, launched counter attack
July 1918-Second Battle of the Marne
Allied tank offensive breaks through German line and begins pushing Germany back
German morale collapses and troops desert

5. US Involvement in WWI

6. Unrestricted submarine warfare
German Submarines
German U-Boats
Blockades
Unrestricted submarine warfare

7. Lusitania
May 7, 1915 a German Submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania
1,198 dead
128 U.S. citizens
Germany claimed the ship had been carrying ammunition, which turned out to be true (relatively small amount)
American public is outraged, President Wilson sends protest to Germany
Germany finally agrees not to attack neutral and passenger ships

9. Closer to joining war Return to USW
Germany knew this might lead to war with the US
gambled that their naval blockade would starve Britain into defeat before the US could mobilize.
President Wilson sends warnings but Germany sinks 3 more US ships

10. The Zimmermann Telegram
January of 1917
British deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to Mexico
Claimed to help Mexico re-claim lost land
Become allies with Germany
Considered a declaration of war

12. The Zimmermann Telegram
Last straw!
April 2, 1917-President Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany
American population already favored allies:
Common history/language bond with England
Common democratic institutions and legal system with England
Economic ties

13. Defeat of the Central Powers
The arrival of American troops leads to victory for the Allied Powers
November 11th 1918, Germany signs an armistice
Give up large part of naval fleet
Turn over munitions
Release war prisoners
Allies would occupy W. Germany
Cost of War
8.5 million troops killed, 21million wounded
300 billion dollars

15. What do numbers really mean?
Entire generation of Europeans wiped out
Estimated cost: 338 billion dollars (in dollars)
5 trillion in today’s dollars
Total destruction of cities, towns, villages, farms
Legacy of despair, depression, disillusionment
Conflicts still unresolved

16. Paris Peace Conference
January 1919
“Big 4” meet to decide terms of peace
US, GB, France, Italy US
Fairness for all
League of Nations
European Allies
Disassemble Germany
Reparations

17. Treaty of Versailles Simulation

18. The Terms of Peace

19. Statistics Germany 1.8 million Russia 1.7 million France 1.3 million
Austria-Hungary 1.2 million
British Empire 908,000
Italy ,000
Ottoman Empire 350,000
USA ,000
TOTAL over 8.5 million

20. Central Powers Collapse
September 1918 Bulgaria surrenders
Austria-Hungary meets defeat and begins breaking apart
October 1918 Ottomans accept defeat
Germany stands alone against the Allies in November 1918
November 9, 1918-Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down, Germany declares itself a republic

21. Fourteen Points
President Wilson’s #1 reason for joining the WWI was to preserve worldwide democracy
Fourteen Points
No secret treaties
Freedom of the sea
Remove economic barriers
Reduce arms/weapons
Adjust colonial claims
Est. a “General Assoc. of Nations”

22. Creating a New Europe After World War I

23. Treaty of Versailles Results of the 6 month Paris Peace Conference
Dealt harshly with Germany
Wilson Disappointed..14 Points not followed
Results
Land / Borders changed to benefit Allies
Germany had to:
Abolish their military draft
Abolish their military industry (tanks, planes etc.)
Abolish all U-Boats
Pay Reparations (penalty payments for WWI)

24. Fates of Former Territories

25. League of Nations Purpose: World Court Economic Sanctions
International cooperation
Keep peace by settling
disputes and
reducing arms
World Court
Cases regarding international law
Economic Sanctions
Impose on offending nations
US never joined (Congress did not approve)
Feared being dragged into another war over issues that did not concern them

26. Legacy of the War With the person sitting next to you:
Discuss the legacy of the War:
What was different about this war than earlier conflicts?
Predict what will be different moving forward?
Will anything remain the same?
Should any countries be held responsible? If so, how?

27. Read and take notes on the Mexican Revolution Chapter 27.1
Homework
Read and take notes on the Mexican Revolution Chapter 27.1
There will be an open notes quiz tomorrow