1. Ecology 1

2. Ecology 2

3. Ecology
Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment. 3

4. What nonliving things in their environment do organisms interact with?4

5. What nonliving things in their environment do organisms interact with?
In what ways are these nonliving things essential to organisms? 5

6. Abiotic Factors vs. Biotic factors
What nonliving things in their environment do organisms interact with?
In what ways are these nonliving things essential to organisms?
Abiotic Factors vs. Biotic factors 6

7. What evidence do you see that people in our society today are aware of their interdependence of living things? 7

8. Levels of Organization8

9. Energy Flow 9

10. Energy Flow 10

11. Energy Flow 11

12. Energy Flow
Photosynthesis
Autotroph
producer 12

13. Energy Flow
Photosynthesis
Autotroph
producer 13

14. Energy Flow Photosynthesis heterotroph Primary consumer Autotroph
producer 14

15. Energy Flow Photosynthesis heterotroph Primary consumer Autotroph
producer 15

16. Energy Flow heterotroph Secondary consumer Photosynthesis heterotroph
Primary consumer
Autotroph
producer 16

17. Energy Flow FOOD CHAIN heterotroph Secondary consumer Photosynthesis
Primary consumer
Autotroph
producer 17

18. 18

19. FOOD WEB 19

20. Energy Pyramid 20

21. Community Interactions21

22. Community Interactions
Predation- 22

23. Community Interactions
Symbiosis- relationship where organisms live together 23

24. Community Interactions
Mutualism 24

25. Community Interactions
Mutualism 25

26. Community Interactions
Commensalism 26

27. Community Interactions
Parasitism 27

28. 5-1 How Populations Grow
Photo Credit: © Frans Lanting/Minden Pictures, Inc. 28 28

29. Characteristics of Populations
Three important characteristics of a population are its:
geographic distribution
density
growth rate 29 29

30. Geographic distribution the area inhabited by a population.
Population density is the number of individuals per unit area.
Growth rate is the increase or decrease of individuals. 30 30

31. Population Growth Three factors can affect population size:
the number of births
the number of deaths
the number of individuals that enter or leave the population
A population can grow when its birthrate is greater than its death rate. 31 31

32. Exponential Growth Under ideal conditions
Occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate.
The population becomes larger and larger until it approaches an infinitely large size. 32 32

33. Exponential Growth Exponential Growth
In the presence of unlimited resources and in the absence of predation and disease, a population will grow exponentially. Both hypothetical graphs show the characteristic J-shape of exponential population growth. 33 33

34. Logistic Growth
As resources become less available, the growth of a population slows or stops.
following a period of exponential growth. 34 34

35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Logistic Growth
This graph shows the S-shaped curve of logistic growth. As resources become less available, the population growth rate slows or stops. The growth of this population has leveled off at its carrying capacity.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35 35

36. Carrying Capacity
The largest number of individuals of a population that a given environment can support is called its carrying capacity.
When a population reaches the carrying capacity of its environment, its growth levels off. The average growth rate is zero.
This graph shows the S-shaped curve of logistic growth. As resources become less available, the population growth rate slows or stops. The growth of this population has leveled off at its carrying capacity. 36 36

37. 3–3 Cycles of Matter
Photo Credit: ©Bruce Coleman, LTD/Natural Selection 37

38. How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?38

39. Recycling in the Biosphere
Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems. 39

40. Recycling in the Biosphere
Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.
Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it. 40

41. The Water Cycle
All living things require water to survive. 41

42. The Water Cycle
This diagram shows the main processes involved in the water cycle. Scientists estimate that it can take a single water molecule as long as 4000 years to complete one cycle. 42

43. Carbon Cycle CO2 in Atmosphere CO2 in Ocean Carbonate Rocks
Photosynthesis
Volcanic activity
feeding
Respiration
Erosion
Human activity
Respiration
Decomposition
CO2 in Ocean
Uplift
Carbon is found in several large reservoirs in the biosphere. In the atmosphere, it is found as carbon dioxide gas; in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide; on land in organisms, rocks, and soil; and underground as coal, petroleum, and calcium carbonate rock. 
Deposition
Photosynthesis
feeding
Fossil fuel
Deposition
Carbonate Rocks 43

44. Nitrogen Cycles NH3 N2 in Atmosphere NO3 and NO2
Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer
Atmospheric nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
Uptake by producers
Reuse by consumers
The atmosphere is the main reservoir of nitrogen in the biosphere. Nitrogen also cycles through the soil and through the tissues of living organisms. 
Decomposition, excretion
Decomposition, excretion
Bacterial nitrogen fixation
NO3 and NO2
NH3 44

45. Phosphorous Cycles
Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.
Organisms
Phosphorus in the biosphere cycles among the land, ocean sediments, and living organisms.
Land
Ocean
Sediments 45

46. If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.
When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient. 46

47. Ecological Succession
Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to natural and human disturbances.
older inhabitants die out
new organisms move in
series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time 47

48. Primary Succession
In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. 48

49. The first organisms to appear are lichens.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. 49

50. Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. 50

51. Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community.
Primary succession occurs on newly exposed surfaces, such as this newly deposited volcanic rock and ash. 51

52. Ecological Succession
Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires.
When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession.  52

53. Marine Ecosystem Succession
Succession begins when a whale dies and sinks to the ocean floor.
Ecosystems are constantly changing in response to disturbances. In natural environments, succession occurs in stages. A dead whale that falls to the ocean floor is soon covered with scavengers. 53

54. Within a year, most of the whale’s tissues have been eaten by scavengers and decomposers.54