1. Solutions Solubility, and concentration

2. Solution A solution is a homogeneous mixture
that has the same composition, color, density and taste throughout.
ie. they appear as ONE substance
Examples:
tap water
Vinegar

3. Solution Cont…
Solutions can also be gaseous, like the air you breathe, or even solid, like brass and sterling silver.

4. Making solutions: solutes and solvents
When you mix two substances and they form a solution, you say that one substance dissolves in the other substance.

5. Solute Solvent The substance that dissolves (found in less amounts)
Solutions have 2 parts:
Solute
The substance that dissolves (found in less amounts)
Solvent
The substance in which the solute dissolves (found in the greatest amounts)

6. Dissolving... To mix completely:
the solute dissolves into the solvent.

7. There are three ways to speed up the dissolving process
1. Stirring 2. Increase surface area 3. Increase temperature

8. There are three ways to speed up the dissolving process
Stirring –brings more solvent in contact with solute.
Example: fruit drink with drink crystals.
Stir the mixture to increase the rate of dissolving.

9. Demo
Lets see if stirring will increase the dissolving rate of the solute.

10. There are three ways to speed up the dissolving process
Increase surface area –breaking up a solid making it into a powder, provides more surface area.

11. Demo
Lets see if increasing the surface area will increase the dissolving rate of the solute.

12. There are three ways to speed up the dissolving process
Increase temperature- Increasing temperature speeds up particles causing them to bump each other and come in contact with the solvent.

13. Different states of solutes and solvents
Solvents can be either:
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Solutes can be either:
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Solution
Solute
Solvent
State of solute
State of solvent
Air
Oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases
Nitrogen
Gas
Soda water
Carbon dioxide
Water
Liquid
Vinegar
Acetic acid
Filtered ocean water
Sodium chloride (salt) and other minerals
Solid
Brass
Zinc
Copper
antifreeze
Alcohol
water

14. Solute Solvent State Vinegar Air Soda Filtered sea water Brass
Sugar water

15. Solute Solvent State Vinegar Air Soda Filtered sea water Brass
Acetic Acid 5%
Water 95%
liquid
Air
Soda
Filtered sea water
Brass
Sugar water

16. Solute Solvent State Vinegar Air Soda Filtered sea water Brass
Acetic Acid 5%
Water 95%
liquid
Air
Oxygen 22%
Nitrogen 78%
gas
Soda
Filtered sea water
Brass
Sugar water

17. Solute Solvent State Vinegar Air Soda Filtered sea water Brass
Acetic Acid 5%
Water 95%
liquid
Air
Oxygen 22%
Nitrogen 78%
gas
Soda
Carbon dioxide
Water
Filtered sea water
Brass
Sugar water

18. Solute Solvent State Vinegar Air Soda Filtered sea water Brass
Acetic Acid 5%
Water 95%
liquid
Air
Oxygen 22%
Nitrogen 78%
gas
Soda
Carbon dioxide
Water
Filtered sea water
Salt and other minerals
Brass
Sugar water

19. Solute Solvent State Vinegar Air Soda Filtered sea water Brass
Acetic Acid 5%
Water 95%
liquid
Air
Oxygen 22%
Nitrogen 78%
gas
Soda
Carbon dioxide
Water
Filtered sea water
Salt and other minerals
Brass
Zinc 35%
Copper 65%
solid
Sugar water

20. Solute Solvent State Vinegar Air Soda Filtered sea water Brass
Acetic Acid 5%
Water 95%
liquid
Air
Oxygen 22%
Nitrogen 78%
gas
Soda
Carbon dioxide
Water
Filtered sea water
Salt and other minerals
Brass
Zinc 35%
Copper 65%
solid
Sugar water
Sugar 10%
Water 90%

21. Soluble and insoluble

22. The solute is said to be soluble in that solvent. (ie. Solution)
If the particles of the solute are more attracted to the particles of the solvent.
Dissolving occurs.
The solute is said to be soluble in that solvent (ie. Solution)

23. Dissolving does NOT occur.
Insoluble
If the particles of the solute are more attracted to their own particles than the solvent particles.
Dissolving does NOT occur.
The solute is said to be insoluble in that solvent (ie. Mechanical)

24. Soluble or Insoluble?
soluble
insoluble

25. Soluble or Insoluble?

26. Soluble or Insoluble?

27. Concentration and solubility

28. Concentration and solubility
Compare the two cups of tea…
Concentrated solution
Darker tea
Large mass of dissolved solute for a certain quantity of solvent.
Dilute solution
Lighter tea
Small mass of dissolved solute for a certain quantity of solvent

30. Concentration is…
The percentage by volume of solute in solvent. Concentrated- large amount of solute in solvent. Dilute- small amount of solute in solvent.

31. A limit to concentration
Make a salt solution:
Add a spoonful… dissolved!
Add a second spoonful… dissolved!
Add a third, fourth and more… It becomes more concentrated!
Eventually you reach a point where salt will NOT dissolve any more.
Notice the lump of undissolved solid that is left on the spoon

32. Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Will form when no more solute will dissolve at a certain temperature
Unsaturated
More solute is able to dissolve at a certain temperature

33. Which is dilute and which is more concentrated for each example?
Orange juice from concentrate: ___________
Weak Kool-Aid: ____________________
Example 2:
A solution with a concentration: 20g/100mL _______
A solution with a concentration: 25g/25mL_________
Example 3:
A solution with a concentration: 20/80mL__________
A solution with a concentration: 20/100mL ________
Ex: 2 – dilute/concentrate
Ex: 3 – concentrate/dilute

34. Time to think… Concentrated solutions can be:
Adding more solute and keeping the amount of solvent the same.
Keeping the amount of solute the same and reducing the amount of solvent.
Example
boiling off the water while making jam
a solution could be considered “concentrated” and still be unsaturated.