1. Chapter 21 Table of Contents Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Ecosystems
Table of Contents
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems

2. Chapter 21 Objectives Identify the eight major biomes.
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Objectives
Identify the eight major biomes.
Compare tundra with taiga.
Compare the different kinds of forests.
Compare the different kinds of grasslands.
Describe the adaptations of desert organisms.

3. Chapter 21 The Major Biomes
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
The Major Biomes
The major types of terrestrial ecosystems, known as biomes, are tundra, tropical forest, temperate forest, taiga, temperate grassland, savanna, chaparral, and desert.

4. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Earth’s Major Biomes

5. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Tundra
Tundra is a cold biome characterized by permafrost under the surface of the ground.

6. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Tundra

7. Chapter 21 Forests Tropical Forests
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Forests
Tropical Forests
Tropical forests receive abundant rainfall and have stable temperatures.
They have a greater species richness than any other biome.

8. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Tropical Rain Forest

9. Chapter 21 Forests, continued Temperate Forests
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Forests, continued
Temperate Forests
Temperate forests have coniferous trees, which bear seeds in cones, or deciduous trees, which shed their leaves each year.

10. Chapter 21 Forests, continued Temperate Deciduous Forests
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Forests, continued
Temperate Deciduous Forests
The trees in temperate deciduous forests shed all of their leaves in the fall.

11. Temperate Deciduous Forest
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Temperate Deciduous Forest

12. Chapter 21 Forests, continued Taiga
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Forests, continued
Taiga
Taiga is cold but is warmer than tundra and receives more precipitation.
Taiga is dominated by coniferous forests.

13. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Taiga

14. Chapter 21 Grasslands Temperate Grasslands
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Grasslands
Temperate Grasslands
Temperate grasslands occur in areas with cold winters and hot summers.
They are dominated by grasses and herds of grazing animals.

15. Chapter 21 Grasslands, continued Savanna
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Grasslands, continued
Savanna
Savannas are tropical grasslands with alternating wet and dry seasons.
They are dominated by herds of grazing animals.

16. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Savanna

17. Chapter 21 Grasslands, continued Chaparral
Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Grasslands, continued
Chaparral
Chaparral is found in coastal regions with warm, dry summers and mild winters.
It is dominated by dense, spiny shrubs.

18. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Grassland

19. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Deserts
Deserts receive less than 25 cm (9.9 in.) of precipitation per year.
Desert inhabitants have adaptations for conserving water.

20. Section 1 Terrestrial Biomes
Chapter 21
Desert

21. Chapter 21 Objectives Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Identify the major ocean zones.
Compare the aphotic zone with the photic zone.
Compare the neritic zone with the oceanic zone.
Describe estuaries.
Compare eutrophic lakes with oligotrophic lakes.
Explain the significance of gradient in rivers and streams.
Describe freshwater wetlands.

22. Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Ocean Zones
The photic zone in the ocean receives light, but the aphotic zone does not.
Other zones of the ocean are defined based on their relative locations.

23. Chapter 21 Ocean Zones, continued The Intertidal Zone
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Ocean Zones, continued
The Intertidal Zone
In the intertidal zone, organisms must be able to tolerate drying and pounding by waves.

24. Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Intertidal Zone

25. Chapter 21 Ocean Zones, continued The Neritic Zone
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Ocean Zones, continued
The Neritic Zone
The neritic zone receives nutrients from the bottom of the ocean and from land. It is the ocean’s richest zone in terms of the number of species and individuals.

26. Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Neritic Zone

27. Chapter 21 Ocean Zones, continued The Oceanic Zone
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Ocean Zones, continued
The Oceanic Zone
Production in the oceanic zone is limited by a shortage of nutrients.

28. Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Oceanic Zone

29. Chapter 21 Ocean Zones, continued Estuaries
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Ocean Zones, continued
Estuaries
Estuaries are very productive areas where rivers and streams flow into the sea.

30. Chapter 21 Freshwater Zones Lakes and Ponds
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Freshwater Zones
Lakes and Ponds
Oligotrophic lakes are clear and lacking in nutrients.
Eutrophic lakes are rich in nutrients and are often murky.

31. Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Three Lake Zones

32. Freshwater Zones, continued
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Freshwater Zones, continued
Rivers and Streams
Rivers and streams are bodies of water that flow down an elevation gradient within a watershed.

33. Freshwater Zones, continued
Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Freshwater Zones, continued
Freshwater Wetlands
Freshwater wetlands are areas of land, such as marshes and swamps, that are covered with fresh water for at least part of each year.

34. Section 2 Aquatic Ecosystems
Chapter 21
Freshwater Biomes

35. Chapter 21 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Why are estuaries more productive than most other biomes?
A. Estuaries contain vast coniferous forests.
B. Estuaries have shallow, nutrient-laden water.
C. Estuaries get more sunlight than other biomes.
D. The majority of land on Earth is covered by estuaries.

36. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Why are estuaries more productive than most other biomes?
A. Estuaries contain vast coniferous forests.
B. Estuaries have shallow, nutrient-laden water.
C. Estuaries get more sunlight than other biomes.
D. The majority of land on Earth is covered by estuaries.

37. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following characterizes the neritic zone of the ocean?
F. It receives little sunlight.
G. It supports very few species.
H. It is exposed to the air by low tide.
J. It receives nutrients washed from land.

38. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following characterizes the neritic zone of the ocean?
F. It receives little sunlight.
G. It supports very few species.
H. It is exposed to the air by low tide.
J. It receives nutrients washed from land.

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following is true of temperate deciduous forests?
A. They are found near the equator.
B. They have the lowest rainfall of any biome.
C. They undergo seasonal changes in temperature.
D. They have the highest species richness of any biome.

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following is true of temperate deciduous forests?
A. They are found near the equator.
B. They have the lowest rainfall of any biome.
C. They undergo seasonal changes in temperature.
D. They have the highest species richness of any biome.

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following best describes the water of all eutrophic lakes?
F. cold
G. salty
H. murky
J. lifeless

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following best describes the water of all eutrophic lakes?
F. cold
G. salty
H. murky
J. lifeless

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph below to answer question 5. The graph shows the relative temperature, precipitation, and soil nutrient content in a specific biome.

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which of the following biomes is best represented by this graph?
A. tundra
B. desert
C. tropical rain forest
D. temperate grassland

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
5. Which of the following biomes is best represented by this graph?
A. tundra
B. desert
C. tropical rain forest
D. temperate grassland

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
6. grasses : savanna :: coniferous trees :
F. taiga
G. tundra
H. desert
J. temperate deciduous forest

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Complete the following analogy:
6. grasses : savanna :: coniferous trees :
F. taiga
G. tundra
H. desert
J. temperate deciduous forest

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Use the graph below to answer question 7. The graph ranks several types of biomes in terms of their relative productivity.

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. If a scientist needed to add a bar representing the temperate grassland biome to this graph, where should the bar be placed?
A. to the left of desert
B. between savanna and estuary
C. between estuary and tropical rain forest
D. to the right of tropical rain forest

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. If a scientist needed to add a bar representing the temperate grassland biome to this graph, where should the bar be placed?
A. to the left of desert
B. between savanna and estuary
C. between estuary and tropical rain forest
D. to the right of tropical rain forest

51. Chapter 21 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
Biomes are very large terrestrial ecosystems that contain a number of smaller but related ecosystems.
Describe how the major biomes are characterized.

52. Short Response, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
Biomes are very large terrestrial ecosystems that contain a number of smaller but related ecosystems.
Describe how the major biomes are characterized.
Answer: The major biomes are distinguished by abiotic factors and by the presence of characteristic plants and animals.

53. Chapter 21 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below.
Ecologists recognize the following ecological zones in the ocean: photic, aphotic, intertidal, neritic, oceanic, pelagic, and benthic.
Part A Describe the factors used as a basis for distinguishing the zones.
Part B Relate these factors to the types of organisms that inhabit each zone.

54. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 21
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Factors used as a basis for distinguishing the ecological zones of the ocean are depth, distance from shore, and penetration of sunlight.
Part B Student responses should explain that the ocean can be divided into zones along a vertical axis on the basis of light penetration (photic and aphotic zones) or nearness to the bottom (benthic and pelagic zones), or along a horizontal axis on the basis of distance from shorelines (intertidal, neritic, and oceanic zones). Responses should also describe typical organisms and adaptations for each of these zones.