1. Tropism
Plants ability to grow towards sunlight (Tropism) is an example of:
_____________________ Vines growing up larger trees in order to get access to sunlight is an example of a
__________________________
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2. Label the parts of this food chain
Primary Consumer
Quaternary Consumer
Secondary consumer
Producer
Tertiary Consumer
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3. Label the parts of this food chain
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4. The adult frog represents a type of consumer known as a:
a. producer
b. carnivore
c. parasite
d. herbivore
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5. The adult frog represents a type of consumer known as a:
a. producer
b. carnivore
c. parasite
d. herbivore
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6. Which statement about the algae and grass is true?
a. They are classified as omnivores
b. They parasitize the animals that consume them
c. They contain the greatest amount of stored energy
d. They contain the least amount of stored energy
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7. Which statement about the algae and grass is true?
a. They are classified as omnivores
b. They parasitize the animals that consume them
c. They contain the greatest amount of stored energy
d. They contain the least amount of stored energy
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8. Ecology How does energy and matter cycle through an ecosystem?
Standard Element: SB4.b
Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems by
Arranging components of a food chain according to energy flow.
Comparing the quantity of energy in the steps of an energy pyramid.
Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients
(C, O, H, N,).

9. Matter and Energy Transfer in an Ecosystem
Matter (nutrients) are constantly cycled through an ecosystem
Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem through the producers.
Energy flows from the producers to the primary consumers, to the secondary consumers and to the tertiary consumers and eventually to the decomposers.
Energy is either used, transferred or released as heat, but cannot be cycled!

10. Food chains
A food chain is a simple model that shows how energy flows in 1 direction through an ecosystem.
Food chains always begin with producers
Producers (autotrophs, plants) can make their own food using photosynthesis

11. Food Webs
A food web is a complex model that shows how energy flows in many directions through an
ecosystem.
Food webs always begin
with producers on the bottom.
Producers (autotrophs, plants)can make their own food using photosynthesis

12. Food Chains and Webs show:
Energy flows from the producers, to the primary consumers, then secondary consumers, then tertiary consumers
Arrows always point from prey to predator because it shows where energy is transferred to.
Trophic levels or feeding steps:
1st trophic level-Producers
2nd trophic level-Primary consumers
3rd trophic level- Secondary consumers
4th trophic level- Tertiary consumers

13. The Ecological Pyramids
1. Energy Pyramid
Shows the decrease of energy at each trophic level.
The total energy transfer up is about 10%
Not all food that is eaten can be digested
Some of the digested food is used as energy and
Some is released as heat

14. The Ecological pyramids
2. Pyramid of numbers
Shows the number of organisms on each trophic level
Producers will always have the largest population size.
3. Biomass pyramid(living weight)
Shows the mass of organisms on each trophic level
Producers will always have the largest biomass

15. Work Session Use Pages In Text (READ)
Cornell Notes

16. Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems
Nutrients are constantly cycled through an ecosystem in order to maintain homeostasis.
Water Cycle: movement of water through an ecosystem
Evaporation: liquid to gas
Condensation: water vapor cools
and gets packed to form clouds
Precipitation: rain, snow, sleet,
hail
Transpiration: water released
from plants
Runoff: extra water collected in
rivers and streams

17. Carbon Cycle in Ecosystems
Carbon is most commonly found in the form of CO2 gas in the atmosphere.
Carbon released in the atmosphere by…
Burning of fossil fuels
(Combustion)
Cellular respiration
Decomposition
Carbon is used by…
1. Photosynthesis

18. Carbon Cycle Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is in the atmosphere & ocean
Producers use CO2 in photosynthesis.
(CO2 + H2O  sugar)
Organisms obtain carbon by eating producers or other consumers.
Respiration & decay returns CO2 to atmosphere

19. Nitrogen Cycle in Ecosystems
Organisms need nitrogen to make proteins but we cannot use the nitrogen in the air SOOOO……
We depend on bacteria to fix it for us!
Nitrogen fixation: bacteria living on the roots of plants absorb nitrogen in the atmosphere and convert it to a form that plants can use to make proteins
Denitrification: Bacteria release nitrogen back into the atmosphere

20. Nitrogen Cycle in Ecosystems
Organisms need nitrogen to make proteins but we cannot use the nitrogen in the air SOOOO……
We depend on bacteria to fix it for us!
Nitrogen fixation: bacteria living on the roots of plants absorb nitrogen in the atmosphere and convert it to a form that plants can use to make proteins
Denitrification: Bacteria release nitrogen back into the atmosphere
How do we get the nitrogen that
we need?
We get nitrogen
by either eating the plants,
or by eating the
consumer that ate the plants

21. Nitrogen Cycle
Atmospheric nitrogen makes up 78% of air, but it can’t be used directly.
Nitrogen fixation (by bacteria & fungi) changes it “nitrogen” into usable forms.

22. Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorous exists in the soil as “inorganic phosphate”
As rocks and sediments gradually wear down, phosphate is released
It is then washed into the waterways where marine organisms use it
Cycling can also occur on the land among the soil and land-dwelling organisms

24. Cycles Foldable
Carbon Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle

25. Chapter Assessment Once you have completed the Cycles Foldable
On the back of the foldable write the answer to the questions on page 49.

26. Both Food Web Closing Food Chain
Compare Contrast a food chain to a food web
Both
Food Web
Food Chain

27. Closing Food Web Complex model Many directions Food Chain Simple Model
Both
Begin with producers
All Niches are represented
Show the “flow of energy”
Food Web
Complex model
Many directions
Food Chain
Simple Model
1 direction