1. Sectional Anatomy  
Nancy – what’s the title? Don’t use lesson/topic number, because we may move it around someday, just give it a name. Skull Pathology?

2. Objectives: Identify selected pathologies on given images
Distinguish abnormal and normal images
Objectives:
There are many different types of skull pathologies. It is not within the scope of this course to identify each of these. This topic will cover some common and unusual pathologies.
After completing this topic you should be able to identify:
Identify selected pathologies on given images
Distinguish abnormal and normal images

3. Skull Fracture
Audio: this is an axial CT image showing a massive skull fracture with loss of brain matter.
Nancy – how can they tell that’s what it is? Do we want to point out certain features of this image?

4. Sinus CT Image: draw circle as audio is read.
Audio: this image shows a large mass in the maxillary sinuses

5. Missing Sinus
This is a very rare pathology. The individual in the image to the left is missing a complete frontal sinus. This is a congenital abnormality. The image to the right shows a sagittal view of a normal frontal sinus for comparison.

6. Axial CT scan of the brain
Audio: In this axial CT scan, notice the large lateral ventricles. The image to the right, shows ventricles closer to normal size.
Nancy – can we highlight or circle the ventricles?

7. Subdural Hematoma
Audio: A common pathology seen on a CT is a subdural hematoma. This is a collection of blood and usually results from trauma to the head.

8. Steele-Olszewski-Richardson Disease
Steele-Olszewski-Richardson Disease is a rare condition that gradually destroys nerve cells in the parts of the brain that control eye movements, breathing, and muscle coordination. The loss of nerve cells causes palsy, or paralysis, that slowly gets worse as the disease progresses. The palsy affects ability to move the eyes, relax the muscles, and control balance. It affects the brainstem, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum. It is characterized by the “penguin sign”. Notice at the brainstem the shape similar to a penguin?
Nancy – I don’t see the penguin! Can we superimpose it on the brain image? Show us how it fits on there. Maybe we should contrast it with a normal brain stem?

9. Audio: There are many different pathologies to identify in the human head. These are just a few pathologies for you to identify.