1. Notes: Assignment 4 due next Thursday Will have exam review questions next week Class questions

2. 22 “Brain Development and Plasticity” Human Neuropsychology (486 / 686) Lecture Chapter 23 & 24.

3. The Development of the Human Brain Neural Tube Neural Tube

4. Developmental Abnormalities - Occur due to genetic program errors, trauma, toxins, disease Developmental Abnormalities - Occur due to genetic program errors, trauma, toxins, disease

5. Stages of Brain Development

6. Neuron Generation Neural Stem Cells Neural Stem Cells - Capacity for self- renewal - produce progenitor cells - produce progenitor cells

7. Cell Migration and Differentiation

8. Neural Maturation Dendrites DendritesArborization Spine formation Axons Axons Athetosis - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNKKZAfMr8M http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gNKKZAfMr8M Dystonia - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O014fPXScU&feature=PlayList&p=5F72 AD603D2AD188&index=0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O014fPXScU&feature=PlayList&p=5F72 AD603D2AD188&index=0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2O014fPXScU&feature=PlayList&p=5F72 AD603D2AD188&index=0

9. Synapse Formation and Pruning Experience expectant Experience expectant Development depends on the presence of sensory experiences Experience dependent Experience dependent Generation of synapses unique to the individual

10. Glial Development Myelination Myelination

11. Imaging Studies of Brain Development Patterns of grey matter loss Patterns of grey matter loss Cortical thickness and vocabulary Cortical thickness and vocabulary Developmental disorders Developmental disorders

12. Development of Problem-Solving Ability conservation: http://smedia.depaul.edu/lcamras/water.mpg http://smedia.depaul.edu/lcamras/water.mpg Growth Spurts in brain during each stage Growth Spurts in brain during each stage

13. Environmental Influences on Brain Organization Complex environments increase brain size Complex environments increase brain size Behavioral advantages Behavioral advantages

14. Experience: Neural connectivity and Representational plasticity Deprivation Deprivation - Amblyopia Enrichment Enrichment - increased representation - increased representation

15. Brain Injury and Plasticity Kennard Principle Kennard Principle Functions are spared when injury occurs early in development Effects of brain injury depend on: Effects of brain injury depend on: Behavior affected Extent and location of damage Age at injury

16. Brain Injury and Plasticity Effects of damage on language Childhood aphasia – 1. Language survives early damage 2. Due to reorganization 3. Right hemisphere damage causes similar deficits to adults. similar deficits to adults.

17. Reorganization of Language Reorganization depends on area of damage (left hemisphere) Reorganization depends on area of damage (left hemisphere) Special left hemisphere anatomy Special left hemisphere anatomy

18. Mechanisms of Recovery The effects of early brain lesions on behaviors: The effects of early brain lesions on behaviors: 1. Complete recovery of function if injury occurs during neurogenesis 2. Injury during migration and differentiation is devastating 3. After migration and differentiation the brain can recover Plasticity and recovery: Plasticity and recovery: 1. Generation of new neurons 2. Reoganization 3. Generation of new circuitry

19. Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism – impaired social interaction, unusual and narrow interests, language and communication problems, need for “sameness” without obvious focal cerebral disease Causes: genetic, viruses Causes: genetic, viruses Various brain abnormalities: Various brain abnormalities: Larger head and brain size than normal Frontal lobe – social interaction Cerebellum – coordination and habituation Temporal Lobe - memory Brainstem – facial abnormalities

20. Autism Spectrum Disorders Asperger’s Syndrome Asperger’s Syndrome Less severe than autism, have language Hyperlexia Savant Syndrome Savant Syndrome Narrow range of special abilities Kim Peek: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL0SthoRMC8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jL0SthoRMC8 http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6097787318198018019#