1. Cells Classification Prokaryote & Eukaryote Cellular Components
Organelle Structure & Function

2. Classification All living things can be classified into: Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Archaebacteria
Bacteria (Monera)
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Pro = before, Eu = after, Karyon = nucleus

3. Prokaryote and Eukaryote
Genetic Material
1 circular chromosome
Not enclosed (nucleoid region)
+1 chromosome, linear
Enclosed by a membrane (nucleus)
Evolution
3.5 billion years ago
1.5 billion years ago
Cell size
Body form
Smaller
unicellular
Larger
Uni & multicellular
Reproductive strategy
Asexual and sexual
Oxygen requirement
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Organelles
Absent
Present

4. Cellular Components Outer protection Cell control center
Energy control center
Cell processing
Storage & waste
Structural support & movement

5. Organelle Structures that perform specialized functions in cells
“mini organs”
How many organelles can you name?

6. Plasma Membrane Structure Mainly composed of phospholipids
Surrounds cytoplasm (gel-like material containing mainly water and dissolved materials)
Function
Controls exchange of material between interior of the cell and the external environment
Protection

7. Cytoplasm
Gel-like material made up of water and dissolved minerals where the organelles are suspended
Contains the cytoskeleton

8. Cytoskeleton “Skeleton” of cell - gives shape
Organizes location of organelles
Allows movement of cell parts
Network of interconnected fibers that can be assembled and disassembled

9. Cell Wall Structure Composed of cellulose Function
Gives shape and rigidity to prokaryotic and plant cells
Protection

10. Control Centre Nucleus Contains genetic information & nucleolus
Control center of cell
RNA synthesis
Nucleolus is a darker area in the nucleus where ribosomes are made
Nuclear envelope is a double layered membrane perforated by nuclear pores (allow RNA to exit)
Nucleoid region
Contains genetic information but is not surrounded by a membrane
Only in prokaryotes

11. Ribosomes
Ribosomes – 2 subunits, composed of both protein and RNA, made in nucleolus, can be bound to ER or float freely in cytoplasm
Ribosome – structures that catalyze the reactions of protein synthesis
Like the workers of the cell

12. Centrioles Lacks a membrane
Involved in organizing spindle fibers during cell division, site for production of microtubules
Animal cells contain a pair of centrioles (made of cylindrical tubes)
Centrioles

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure
Cisternae: flattened, interconnected membranes sacs
Branches out from the nuclear envelope
RER – ribosomes
SER – no ribosomes
Function
RER – site for protein synthesis
SER – site for lipid synthesis

14. Golgi Apparatus Structure
Flattened, stacked, interconnected membrane (cisternae)
Located near ER
Function
Modifies proteins and lipids
Packages products into vesicles for transport
Fate of products:
(a) Export - outside cell
(b) Plasma membrane surface
(c) Cytoplasm
(d) Other organelles

15. Energy production center (aerobic cellular respiration)

16. Chloroplast Site for photosynthesis by trapping light energy
Gives plant green colour due to chlorophyll pigment
Starch storage

17. Vacuole, Lysosome, Vesicle
All membrane bound sacs
Vacuole – fluid-filled sac used for storage of food, water, waste etc., most prominent in plants where it is also used to maintain turgor pressure
Lysosome – contains degradative enzymes involved in hydrolytic actions
Vesicle – transport vehicles

18. Cilia & Flagella
Flexible projections that extend outward from the cell
Cilia are short hair-like extensions (often used to propel food)
Flagella is a long tail-like whip
Movement requires energy

19. Summary of Differences
Prokaryote
Plant
Animal
Outer protection
Control centre
Energy centre
Storage

20. Summary of Differences
Prokaryote
Plant
Animal
Outer protection
Cell wall PM
Control centre
Energy centre
Storage

21. Summary of Differences
Prokaryote
Plant
Animal
Outer protection
Cell wall PM
Control centre
Nucleoid region
Nucleus
Energy centre
Storage

22. Summary of Differences
Prokaryote
Plant
Animal
Outer protection
Cell wall PM
Control centre
Nucleoid region
Nucleus
Energy centre
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Storage

23. Summary of Differences
Prokaryote
Plant
Animal
Outer protection
Cell wall PM
Control centre
Nucleoid region
Nucleus
Energy centre
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Storage
Cytoplasm
Large central vacuole
Many smaller vacuoles